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north of it may be rather later in date. These halls lie behind the square mass of temple ruins. The walls yet remain about 30 inches high, bearing the ends of some lines of inscription around the doors ; and in the hall and chambers were several loose blocks of sculpture.

From the sculptures (Frontispiece, and pis. lxii — lxiv) Ave see that these buildings were erected by Amenhotep I. His personal name has been erased from the cartouches, but his throne name is intact, which points to the erasure being done by Akhenaten. Beside Amenhotep there is a figure of Aahmes I (top pi. lxii) : but only as deceased, since he wears the menat like Osiris, while Amenhotep I, then living, is without that ornament. Besides the above head of Aahmes, we may identify another at the top right hand of pi. lxiii ; the features are like those of Aahmes, and it wears the menat. It has been back to back with a figure of Osiris, as on the upper scene of pi. lxii. All possible fits of these blocks were tried, and several were thus connected together. It ap- pears that there was a list of offerings along the base of the wall, 28 inches high ; then groups of the king offering to deities above that, about 42 high; and a second line of groups yet higher up, of the king and his lea about 36 high ; or altogether about 9 feet height of sculpture, besides the plain footing to the wall. In the list of offerings possibly the left hand top piece might agree better with the base piece if transferred one column farther out, as the offering henek mt seems to end in / nebt at Deir el Bahri {!>. B. pi. cxiii, lowest line) ; but if so a short piece must have been fitted in between the blocks in the upper part here.

These blocks were mostly fresh with colour when found ; but, unhappily, an extraordinary torrent of rain which fell, washed away nearly all the surfaces, and destroyed the stone> so much thai Beveral are now not worth transport. had been all drawn, and the photographs taken, before this damage.

A great quantity of finely-sculptured blocks of Tahutmes III were found in the square mass of temple ruins. The largest was a long architrave with richly-coloured hieroglyphs, which may be removed to the Cairo Museum. This, and most of the rest, had been taken down by Aahmes II in the XXVIth Dynasty, and buried for the foundations of his temple. Many blocks that we have removed only bore usual figures, of Osiris, &c, and are not here published. One large lintel of Tahutmes III, which was still in bright condition of colouring, was sent direct to the Boston Museum ; it measured 65 inches wide and 35 inches high. Another lintel, which was of the same width, was found broken up in several pieces, as shown on pis. lxi, 2 ; lxiv ; it is of value historically, as it proves that Tahutmes II and Tahutmes III were reigning jointly together at one time, regardless of Hatshepsut, and each bearing the same titles.

At the base of pi. lxiv are two slabs from the square temple ; that with the arm of a goddess may be later, but the sphinx is certainly of Tahutmes III by the work and portrait ; the title over it is not known elsewhere. The greater part of a broken seated figure of Tahutmes III was also found, to the south of the Kom es Sultan. The slab on pi. lxi has part of the titles of Tahutmes III, delicately carved. Another slab bears the lea name of Amenhotep II, and names his sed festival, as on the pillar published by Prisse.

Within the square mass of ruins were found two foundation deposits of Tahutmes III in pits full of sand, showing that the site was not all dug out when the later temple was built. The deposit contained the usual pottery of that time (see Koptos pi. xiv), and copper models of knives, adzes, and axes (see pi. lxi, 5), with an alabaster vase inscribed, and a model shell of alabaster with traces of paint inscription. Some of the copper tools bear the name of the king, and probably all will be found to be inscribed when cleaned. The plan and position of the

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deposit will be given in the survey next year.

Another deposit pit was found, which only contained a green glazed plaque, broken up, with the name of Amenhotep III, and a solid stand of limestone of same king, pi. Ixi, 3, 4.

The slab of inscription pi. Ixi, 6, is injured by incrustations of lime, and has not yet been studied. The jasper head, fig. 7, is from some inlayed work; it is highly finished, and seems as if it might be of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The steatite head, fig. 8, may be later : but the blue glass fish, fig. 9, is of finely-cut glass ; and, by the colour, not far from the time of Amenhotep III.

27. The XlXth Dynasty has left several sculptures, but not any large cpiantity of build- ing like the previous age. The principal piece is a limestone statue of an official Ptah-em-ua, pis. lxv, 2 — 4 ; lxvii. He is represented nearly life size, standing, and holding a statue of Osiris before him. His offices were keeper of the cattle in the temple of Ramessu II, and royal scribe of the divine offerings of all the gods ; and his full name Avas Amen-em-per-Ptah-em- ua, " Amen in the temple, Ptah in the barque." The statue was found over a deep square hole, not yet cleared out, at the back of the inner enclosure wall of the temple. With it was another figure in soft limestone of the great Un-nefer, or rather of his son Hora, kneel- ing and holding a standing statue of Osiris, pi. lxv, 8.

In the later hall behind the square temple was a squatting granite figure of the ubiquitous Un-nefer, see pi. lxv, 5 — 7. It was greatly crumbled by salt, and I was able to lift off the face in one block, the rest of the figure being too much broken up to be removed. On the back is the inscription naming his mother Maatinuy, or Maa-anuy, and his wife Thiy (see Lieblein, Diet. 895). While near the great temenos wall, apparently turned out from the Nectanebo temple, was a granite group of two

figures (lxv, 9, 10), of Un-nefer and his wife Thiy, surnamed Ncfcrtari. The splendid pair of seated figures in red granite, of On-nefer and his lather, with a long genealogy, found two years ago, is published in Messrs. Maclver and Mace's volume El Amrah.

Amid the varied ruins over the early town was found a stone building, of which the plan is given in pi. Ixxx, " In Temenos." The native tale is that it was a great tomb, un- covered forty years ago by the sebakhin, who found three pounds weight of gold ornaments in it, which were taken by the Mudir. Our interest in it was that it had been built up from all kinds of odd stones that were lying about ; and contained in its walls, and scattered from it, many inscribed blocks. Among these was the great stele of the family of queen Auhet-ab, mentioned before, and the pieces of a great stele of the high official Khay, with his wife Ymamu, pis. lxv, 1 1 ; and lxvi.

Among the minor pieces on pi. lxvi the trial piece with birds should be noticed ; and the fragment of the ha name of Ramessu I, which is rare. The last piece in the top line is a rough flake of limestone, with the cartouche of Ramessu II scrawled in with a brush of ink. On pi. lxvii the inscription of Bay is on a piece of wooden furniture, probably not from a coffin, as he is not called maahheru. Two pieces of black granite squatting figures of Unnefer are copied here ; one giving the title priest of Sokari, which he had inherited, see Lieb. Diet. 905. The two inscriptions of Mentu-em-hat, the great vizier of Taharqa, are roughly hammered upon natural blocks of limestone, which are lying loose in the floor of the valley leading to the royal tombs ; one appears to record his visit, and the other, with maahheru, was pro- bably placed in his memory.

28. The square mass of the temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty, was rebuilt by Aahmes II. He took down what remained of the previous work, and laid it in his foundations. He

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A B Y D 0 S

PART I. 1902

BY

W. M. FLINDERS PET HI E

Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Uon. F.S.A. (Scot.)

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL [NBTITDTI ;

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OP THE SOCIETY OP ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN

MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY ;

MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES;

EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

With Chapter In/ A. E. WEIGALL

TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

PUBLISHED BY OB DEB OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON

SOLD AT

The OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C.

and 59, Temple Steeet, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

and by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Chaiung Cross Road, W.C.

B. QUAR1TCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Coyent Garden, W.C.

and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C.

1902

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V. c&

LONDON :

PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LTD.

ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL.

YORKUNiVERSIT'

M

IARY

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EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

president. SIP JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.

Uicc=prc3tCicnt0.

Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,

LL.D. Lt.-Geneeal Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.M.G.,

G.C.B. The Rev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.

The Eon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).

Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (Krai Prof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany).

JOSIAII MULLENS, Esq. (Australia).

fit. Charles Hentsoh (.Switzerland).

ibon. (Treasurers.

H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. F. C. Foster, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).

Ibon. Secvctars. J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Members of Committee.

T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.

Miss M. Brodrick, Ph.D. (for Boston).

Mrs. Buckman (for Pittsburg).

Major E. B. Cassatt, B.A.

Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.

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Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.K.S

F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

T. Farmer Hall, Esq.

F. G. Kenton, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.

Mrs. McCldre.

The Rev. W. MacGhegor, M.A.

A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. The Marquess of Northampton. Francis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A. Mbs. Sara G. Stevenson (for Philadelphia). Herbert Thompson, Esq. Mrs. Tirard.

The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C. E. Towry Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.

IP T 5 0 2 S

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

SECT.

1. Scope of the t'Xr;i\;itioilS .

2. The work and workers

CHAPTER I. Objects feom the Royal Tombs.

3. King Ka. Pis. i-iii .

4. King Ro. PI. iii

5. Small inscriptions. Pis. iv-v

6. The pottery. Pis. vi-vii .

7. The Aegean pottery. PL viii

8. The stone vases. Pis. ix, x

9. The labels, &c. Pis. xi, xii 10. The steles, &c. PI. xiii

1 1 , The flints. Pis. xiv, xv .

CHAPTER II.

The Osiris Temenos.

1 2 . Character of the site ....

1 3 . The early town .....

14. The flints. Pis. xvi-xxvi .

15. The stone vases. PL xxvii

16. The pottery. Pis. xxviii-xxxv

17. The M. tombs .....

18. The plans of M tombs. Pis. xlviii,

xlix

19. The pottery and stone. Pis. xxxvi-

xlvii ......

20. The date of the town and tombs

2 1 . The slates and tools. PL 1

22. The amulets, &c. Pis. li-liii .

9 9 10 12 12 14

15

18

19 23 23

CHAPTER III. The Osibis Temple.

SECT. PAGE

23. Position and history . . . .27

24. Before the Xllth Dynasty. Pis. liv-

lvii 2V

25. Xllth and XHIth Dynasty. I'ls.lviii-

lx 28

26. The XVlIIth Dynasty. Pis. Lxi-lxiv 29

27. The XlXth Dynasty. Pis. lxv-lxvii . 31

28. The XXVIth Dynasty, and later.

Pis. lxviii-lxx . . . .31

CHAPTER IV. The Cemetery G.

29. Range of the cemetery

30. Early tombs

31 . Tomb G. 57. Pis. lxxii, lxxiv

32. Construction of the later tombs

33. Tomb of Zedher. Pis. lxxv, lxxix

34. Other tombs ....

CHAPTER V.

The Inscriptions.

By A. E. Weigall.

35. Monuments of Vlth-XIth Dynasty

36. The Xllth and XHIth Dynasty

37. The XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasty .

38. Monuments of Un-nefer

39. The XXVIth and XXVIIIth Dynasty

40. Sarcophagi, XXXth Dynasty

41 . The hypocephali .... 42. Inscriptions nut figured

34 35 35 36 37 39

41 42 43 46 48 48 49 51

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE	PAGE	PLATE
JProntisi	u c< . Heads of Aahmes I and	LI
	Amenhotep I, royal tombs	. 30	LII
I	Jars of King Ka — Ap .	. 3	Lin
II	5> »	. 3	LIAr
III	„ ,, and Queei	i	LV
	Ha, &c. ....	o o
IV	Inscriptions, Sma to Zet	5	LVT
V	,, Azab to Qa	5	LVII
VI	Pottery, to Zer .	(i	LVIII
VII	„ Den to Khasekhemui	6	LIX
VIII	„ from Aegean .	. 6	LX
IX	Stone vases	. 7	LXI
X	Alabaster vases, &c.	. 7	LXI I,
XI	Ivory and ebony labels	. 7
XII	Marks on stone vases .	7	LXIV
XIII	Steles and gold bar	7
XIV	Flints, to Den	8	LXV
XV	Flints, Azab to end .	8	LXVI
	Osiris Temexos.		LXVII
XVI,	XVII Flint knives without handle	3 10	LXVIII
XVIII,	XIX Flint knives with handles .	11	LXIX
XX	Flint hoes .....	11	LXX
XXI	Tailed scrapers ....	11
XXII	Irregular scrapers	11
XXIII	Round scrapers ....	11	LXXI
XXIV	Long scrapers and flakes	11	LXXII
XXV	Wrought flakes ....	12	LXXIII
XXVI	Animal flints, saws, crescents and		LXXIV
	combs .....	12	LXXV
XXVII	Stone vases ....	12	LXXVI
XXVIII-	-XXXV Early pottery . 1	2-14	L XXVII
XXXVI-	-XLI Pottery of M. tombs	18	LXXVIII
XLII-	-XLVII Stone vases of M. tombs	18	LXXIX
XLVIII,	XLIX Plans of M. tombs . 1	5-18	LXXX
L	Painted pottery, slates, tools, marks	23

PAG!

Amulets &c. . . . .23

Beads, whorls, &c. . . .21 Fire places, tiles, grinders, &c. . 25 Inscriptions of Vlth Dynasty, 27-41 Inscriptions IVth— Xllth Dy- nasty .... 27. 41 Columns of Antef V 28, 4 1

Stele of Nekht . . 28,41

Inscription of UsertesenI . 28, 42 Inscription of Xlllth Dynasty 29, 42 Inscription of XHIth Dynasty 29, 42 Inscription of XVIIIth Dynasty 30 LXIII Sculptures of Amen- hotep I . . . 30, 13 Inscription of Tahutmes II &

III . . . . 30,43 Inscriptions of XlXth Dynasty 3 1 , 44 Inscriptions of XVIIIth -

XlXth Dynasty . . 31, 1 I Inscriptions of Ptahemua,&c. 31, 45 Shrine of Haa-ab-ra . . 32 Altars of XXVIth Dynasty 32, 48 Bronzes, foundation deposits, &c. 32

Cemetery G. Coffin of Tahutimcs. . 35,48 Box, &c, of Mertiu-heru . 35, 48 Coffin inscriptions . . 35, 48 Canojnc boxes, &c. . . 35, 48 Sarcophagi inscriptions . 39, 49 Hypocephalus, G. 50, B . 38, 49 Hypocephali G. 50, c, D . 38, 49 Amulets . . . 38

Ushabtis, &c. . . . 38, 39 Sections and plans of tombs

15-17, 34-40

ABYDOS I.

INTEODUCTION.

1. The present volume completes the account of the objects found in the Royal Tumi is of the earliest dynasties, the discoveries in Avhich during the previous two years have appeared in the last two volumes. The account of the results of the present year's excavations covers nearly all that has been yet found in the Temenos of Osiris and the well-known ceme- tery ; but another large part of our work is kept back for publication when completed next year. It is always difficult to decide between partial publication in sections, issued rapidly for the immediate benefit of scholars, and systematic publication delayed until every detail has been iinally sifted and settled. But the worst of the bulletin system is that the student is afterwards dependent on indexes to find connected subjects ; while the worst of the great book long delayed is that often the material loses value while waiting, and the delays may run on so that much is forgotten in the interval.

The Temenos of Osiris I had wished to ex- cavate since I first saw it in 1887. It was undoubtedly one of the oldest centres of worship, and had a long history to be un- ravelled. If it has proved so far rather different to what was expected, it the more corrects our ideas. But the real temple site has not yet been touched below the level of the XVIIIth Dynasty ; and a vast deal still remains to be done there.

The cemetery G was only worked as proved desirable in intervals of other work, and to <rive employment to workmen between other enter- prises, hying close behind our huts, and with scarcely any small objects of value casually found in it, such a place was an ideal resort whenever men could not be kept on elsewhere. I should hardly have worked it for its own sake alone; but as a stop-gap it proved very con- venient, and fairly desirable.

The other large work, which is not described at all in this volume, occupied half of our men, or more, all the season. About a mile south of Abydos, at the foot of the desert cliffs, I had noticed some great tombs when first visiting the ground. The temple which Mr. Maclver excavated two years ago (see the volume on El Am mli just issued) proved to belong to a king Kha-kau-ra, presumably Userteseu III., but possibly of a king of the XHIth Dynasty. The temple lies on the edge of the desert, and a long causeway leads up to one of the great tombs which we have found. As probably most of next season's work will be occupied with these tombs, before they are finally cleared, it is best to leave aside the plans which have been prepared, and give a connected account of the whole site next year.

2. Our excavators were the same gang of men and boys from Koptos who have worked for me during many years. Indeed that gang

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON SQUARE C0LEGE • LIBRARY

/

ABYDOS I.

has served as a nucleus for all other recent excavators, as Dr. Reisner, at Girgch, has drawn almost entirely on that centre, and the German work at Ahusir has used our trained Quftis for headmen, to say nothing of the Research Account work at El Kab, which has depended on the same source. I have no doubt other places would furnish equally desirable workers, but when once a large party have been trained, they are naturally sought for elsewhere. It is needful, however, to carry on a continual weeding of old hands, as the Egyptian always becomes spoiled with prosperity ; and some of the boys, as they have grown up, have come to the front line in their intelligence and conduct. We also employed over a hundred boys, from villages near the work, to do the carrying.

Our camp was entirely fresh, as those who were with us before had all passed on to other work. Mr. Arthur Weigall came out for the first time, and proved a most successful worker. I greatly regret, for the sake of our Avork, that I have to congratulate him on passing on at once to a better position. He entirely super- intended the men at the great southern tombs, which I only visited to give general direction to the region of work. He also looked after the

close of the temenos work, and drew some of the inscriptions, the whole of which he comments on in this volume. Mr. Laurence Christie, who came for artistic copying, has done more than four plates in this volume ; but most of his time was given to copying selected sculptures in the Scty temple for the Research Account. Ex- cavations at the Sety temple, on the same basis, were carried on by Mr. A. St. G. Caulfeild, who also took many photographs, some of which appear in this frontispiece. My wife was closely occupied with drawing nearly all the season ; especially on the tedious figuring of nearly four hundred flints, and the exact facsimile copies of inscriptions. My own work lay in the Temenos of Osiris, directing the diggers, levelling and recording, and general manage- ment and account keeping ; for the season's work involves some 40,000 entries of small sums. I have also drawn thirty-seven of the plates here, and taken the photographs. The immediate production of a fully-illustrated bulletin of the results of a season, before the objects reach England, involves organizing all the copying on the spot ; but the advantages of quick publication make it well worth while to carry out this system, as we have now done for three years.

CHAPTER I.

OBJECTS FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS.

3. The earliest royal tomb that can vet be placed in the series is that of king Ka, which was described in the last volume (Royal Tombs, ii, p. 7). Within the chamber were hundreds of fragments of cylindrical jars (type, pi. vi, 1), some of them with cross-lined pattern copied from cordage. Such jars are well known in the later prehistoric pottery, and belong to the sequence date 78 in that scale. On many of these jars are inscriptions, roughly written in ink with a brush ; and on comparing all of the fragments, I have succeeded in putting together those which are copied in plates i., ii., and iii. They prove to be all of two formulae, one for the king, and one for his queen. And as being the oldest hieroglyphic inscriptions known, probably half-way back in the dynasty before Mena, they deserve our closest attention ; they show the oldest shapes of the signs, and prove that at that age writing was so familiar that a rapid form of it was freely used to write on dozens of common pottery jar's.

On plates i. and ii. it is seen that the whole formula was Suten Ap, the Horus Kit, followed by three strokes ; and on plate iii. the second formula was //>' hemt en Horus Ka. Thus, as clearly as possible, these jars are inscribed for the king Ap, whose Horus name is Ka, and for Ha, the wife of the Horus Ka. The name Ap occurs as a masculine name in the Old Kingdom, and also very commonly the form Apa : while Hay and Hayt are known as feminine names. No objection has been made to this reading, even by those who are most surprised by such grammatical writing at that age. The meaning

of the three strokes below the Horus name is not clear, and probably we shall bave to wail for some better drawn inscription to explain them, as writing was so familiar to the scribe that mere indications were then enough to rive the idea. There is no parallel to this group following any of the other early Horus names ; and, as maa kheru and neb taui both belong to far later times, we may perhaps suppose these lines to represent some steps on which the funereal stele was erected, as on the alabaster of Azab, pi. v, or the pottery marks, probably all from Azab, in Royal Tombs, i, pi. xlvi, 111 — 155. The signs themselves show more than is yet known about them. Observe especially the suten plant, which is sometimes of the later normal form, as in Nos. 4, 7, and 9 ; more generally it has the leaf or flower at the top like the qema or res sign of the south ; and generally the root is shown as a wavy line hanging from it, see especially Nos. 1, 2, 17, 19. This plant was then separate from the nen or neJcheb plant, but no distinction between the suten and qeuin plant was yet made. Probably the use of this plant for qema or south was then in the stage of naming the kingdom, par excellence, before any other region to the north had been formally included in it : much as we should at present mean the British Isles by speaking of " the kingdom," in contrast to the far larger parts of the present kingdom in other regions.

The inversion of the form of the Horus- or fc-name is strange. That the strokes above the arms represent a panelling, like that placed

ABYDOS I.

below the name in all later examples, seems proved by their great variety, having any number of lines from two (fig. 5) to five (figs. 4, 20, 23), or even thirteen strokes scratched on pottery (B. T. ii, xiii) ; such could hardly be a hieroglyph. From later instances this panelling certainly is copied from the front of a building, tomb, or palace : so here we must take it as such, and see the space below it, which contains the sign, as equivalent to the doorway of the building. The instances scratched on pottery (R. T. ii, pi. xiii) should probably all be turned, with the Tea arms upwards, and the panel strokes above them. It is evident that the position of the panelling strokes was changed between the time of Ka and that of Narmer.

The reed a has here the separate flowex-s of the feathery head, as in all early examples ; but they vary from three to five in number. The mat- work p has the ends all left loose, as in the seals Nos. 16, 57-60, 72, 118, 160 (R, T. i, and ii.). The plant ha is like that on the Aha ebony tablet in having no base line (B. '/'. ii, x, 2) ; but the base line came in at that time, as on the tablet B. T. ii, pi. iii, 4, and perhaps the same on the tablet No. 3 in the same plate. The signs hem and n might belong to almost any later age.

Thus on the whole there are but two points in which a change took place between the signs of king Ka and the general usage of two or three centuries later; the suten sign passed into two distinct forms, those for "kin"-" and

-nth," a political change hardly due to hiero- glyphic development, and the hi name passed from the doorway of the panelling to the space over the panels. Neither of these changes are due to immaturity in the writing; and when we rlm> reach back a couple of centuries before Menu without finding any marked difference, and meet with a cursive writing, it is plai" that we are very far from touching the period of its formation.

Beside the ink writing three more examples

of incised writing of this same king are given, similar to those already published (R. T. ii, pi. xiii). On pi. iii, M 36 shows the tail of the hawk, part of the lea arms, and the top of the suten ; 37 shows the lea arms and a sign near by which is probably a star and crescent mark like No. 605, &c. (R. T. i, pi. Ii) ; 38 shows that in one case, at least, the panel strokes were put below and the arms hang down, as the suten sign unquestionably shows which way up this is.

We may here briefly note the remaining figures in pi. iii. Nos. 39 — 43 are all numerical signs neatly painted in ink on alabaster jars, 39 from the tomb of king Den, 40 — 43 from the tomb of king Mersekha, but perhaps thrown over from Den or elsewhere. 44, 46, and 47 are ink writings on stone vases. 45 is ink writing on a jar from the tomb of Den ; it reads sesh, and should be compared with other writing on vases R. T. i, pi. xxxii, 34 — 37; pi. xiii, 57—64; R, T. ii, pi. xxv, 13 — 27. The figure of the god Min (48), ink-drawn on a piece of slate bowl from the tomb of Khase- khemui, is the oldest drawn figure of that god. The signs on 49 are from a slate bowl of Perabsen.

4, When last year the names of the earliest kings were grouped together in Royal To ml is, vol. ii., I did not observe the presence of another name until the publication of the volume. On B. T. ii, pi. xiii, is a sealing No. 96, of which several fragments were found ; this shows the hawk on the mouth hieroglyph. Again, on li. T. i, pi. xliv, there are several examples (Nos. 2 to 8) of what seems to be the same group. Considering that this group is thus formally cut on a seal, and often drawn on pottery, I think we are justified in seeing in it the royal hawk and the hieroglyph r or ro, expressing the hi name of a king, Ro. All of the jDottery examples come from the tomb 13 1, which, with 13 2, was worked by Mr. Maclver in the first year ; and this accords with their giving the name of a king, incised like the other early

OBJECTS FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS.

kings' names, Ka (pi. iii, 38, &c.) and Nar

(/?. T. i, pi. xliv, 1), and belonging to the tomb of the king. These tombs B 1 and 2 are shown on the plan (R. T. ii, pi. lviii) immediately above the name Bener-ab.

The age of this king Ro cannot be far from that of king Ka. The position of the tomb does not indicate whether it was before or after that of Ka. But Ave must observe the presence of a great jar (R. T, i, pi. xxxix, 2), which is usual later, but does not occur in the tomb of Ka; the style of the sealing, which is more like those of Narmer or Mena than like the very simple one known of Ka (No. 89) ; and the clay, which is yellow marl (hei/b Arab.) like later sealings, and not black mud like the Ka sealing. All of these details point to the order of the kings being —

KA

RO

ZESER NARMER SMA

before the 1st Dynasty opens with Aha — Mena. Thus we can now tolerably restore half of even the ten kings who reigned at xYbydos before the united kingdom was established. The list on p. viii of F. T. ii, should be thus amended.

5. Some small inscribed objects were not photographed till they reached England, so could not be included in the previous volume. They are here given on pi. iv. Figs. 1 and 2 are pieces of crystal and syenite cups bearing the name of king Sma ; by careful wiping with colour the hieroglyphs nebui Sma are here brought out visible. Fig. 3 is a piece of ivory bracelet, which was found in the tomb B 2 by Mr. Maclver; I then supposed that it might bear the name of Aha, and in the next season the objects of Benerab clearly showed that this was one of her bracelets, with her name and that of Aha, which had strayed over from the neighbouring tomb. Fig. 4 is a fragment of a

volcanic stone bowl from the tomb of Khase-

khemui. Fig. 5 is a piece of an upright cup of pink Limestone, with part of a Btrange hiero- glyph upon it which we have not met with elsewhere ; it might possibly be the base of a lr<i name, but the crosses below are unexplained. Fig. 6 is a piece of alabaster vase, with a faint inscription of Ncithotcp. Fig. 7 is the plait of hair and piece of false fringe found in the tomb of king Zer, probably belonging to his queen, on whose arm the bracelets were found : the fringe of locks is exquisitely made, entirely on a band of hair, showing a long acquaintance with hair-work at that age. It is now in the Pitt- Rivers Museum at Oxford. Fig. 8 is an inscrip- tion on a fragment of pottery vase from the tomb of king Zer. Fig. 9 is a piece of black pottery with incised patterns, belonging to the large class of such pottery known in the pre-historic age, the Illrd and IVth Dynasties and the Xllth and XHIth Dynasties (see Naqada, xxx ; Dendereh, xxi, 1; Kahun, xxvii, 199 — 202; Diospolis Parva, xl, 43). The place of manu- facture of this pottery is yet unknown, but it is wide-spread in the Mediterranean, as we have noticed before. Fig. 10 is the edge of a bowl of quartzose metamorphosed slate ; on it is carved in relief the triple twist pattern. It is accidentally inverted here, and therefore reversed in lighting. Fig. 1 1 is a spirited drawing of a dwarf, outlined on a bowl of metamorphic rock. Fig. 12 is a piece of ivory, shown also in drawing on xi, 2 ; fig. 13 a piece of ivory, with a row of heads in squares, from the tomb of Zet; fig. 14 a piece of alabaster vase from the W tombs, probably of the reign of Zet.

Plate v. The fragments of an alabaster in- scription of Azab were published separately before ; for it was not till they came to England that I observed that the pieces fitted together, as they were fou. 3. scattered in three different tombs. The inscription of Qa was found acci- dentally after publishing the others from that

/

ABYDOS I.

tomb. The gold foil of Qa seems to have been part of a model mat of a hotep offering, like that found at Hierakonpolis (Hierakonpolis, i, pi. xx, 9). The great stele of king Qa was found on the east side of his tomb as described (B. T. i, p. 15) ; the lower part of it had been removed by the Mission Amelineau, and was kept at the Cairo Museum ; thence it has now been exchanged, and will rejoin the upper part in the Philadelphia Museum.

6. The pottery from the Royal Tombs is given on pis. vi, vii, in addition to that already published in B. T, i, pis. xxxix — xliii. It is here classed according to the period ; and the following references are given to the volumes Royal Tombs, i (7?.), and the present Abydos (A.), with the number of the pottery drawing in each. The large jars begin under king Ro with two bands and a bottom ring of rope pattern (7?. 2) ; then pass on to plain bands, under Zer (A. 13) ; next the bands come closer together, under Mersekha (7?. G) ; further on they pass up to above the shoulder (7?. 7), or dwindle to a single band, under Qa (7/. 5) ; and lastly we see the jar far smaller with a single band, under Perabsen (J. 31).

Some curious late variants of the wavy- handled jars come from the tomb of Mena, B. 19. They are very thick, and so differ from the earlier types, though the form A. 3 is like that found far earlier ; the arched pattern around it is, however, certainly late. The other forms, A. 5, 6, are more than half solid, and the arch pattern has sunk to two curves, or merely three finger pits. Later on under Zer, .1. 15, 16, these become even more for- malized ; but it is curious that two different forms, this one and the cylinder jar, A. 1, 11, 12, were both derived from one prototype. It is explained, however, by the cylinder jar being a form influenced l.y approximating to the alabaster cylinder jars, wnici ore already long in use (Diospolis Parva, p. 15, pi. iii) ; and the forms here, A. 3, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16 ; 7/. Ill —

114, must be looked on as the real close of the wavy-handled type.

The survival of black-topped pottery, A. 9, 10, under Zer is unexpected, as few forms last beyond 60, and scarcely any after 70, sequence date. These, however, are very different in appearance to the earlier black-topped, and are of forms unknown in the prehistoric ; only the accidental blacking beneath the ashes resembles the early ware. The oval dishes, A. 19, 20, are the last descendants of the oval forms so usual in the early prehistoric ; and no later examples than these have been found.

On reaching Perabsen we find the links to the regular forms of the Old Kingdom. The form A. 28, probably derived from that of Mena's age, B. 110, is the parent of the type of the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh, xvi. 5, 7, 22). The hand-made pot with diagonal linger marks, A. 27, is the parent of the usual pot of the Illrd— IVth Dynasty (Medum, xxxi, 15); which in another variety {Medum, xxxi, 19) lasted on to the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh, xvi, 8).

The large limestone bowl, A. 33, found in the tomb of Mena, is like that of which a piece bears the name of Zet (B. T. ii, pi. vii, 2). The huge pilgrim-bottle, A. 34, is probably of the XXIInd Dynasty.