IS 13630 (Parts 1 to 15) : 2006 ( ) Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES -- METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE ( First Revision) ICS 91.100.23 © BIS 2006 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 August 2006 Price Group 13 Flooring, WallFinishingand RoofingSectionalCommittee, CED S FOREWORD This Indian Standard (Parts 1 to 15) (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Flooring, Wall Finishing and RoofingSectionalCommittee had been approved by the Civil Engineering DivisionCouncil. This standard was first publishedin variousparts in 1992-93. This is the first revision;havingall parts combined in one publication, of the standard in whichthe following major changeshave been incorporated: a) As per the decisiontaken in the last meeting, the requirements of all the parts have been includedin one volume and the revised standardhas been brought in line with ISO 10545 (various parts). b) The requirements for determination of bulk density have been added in Part 2 and a few changes have . been made in the requirements for determination of water absorption. c) A few modifications have also been made in Part 3. d) Requirements for determination of breakingstrengthhave also been added in Part 6. e) Requirements for determination ofglazingresistance tests have also been modified in Part 9. t) A new test for determination of impactresistance by measurement of co-efficient of restitutionhas been added as Part 14. g) IS 13711 : 1993 'Samplingand basisfor acceptance'has beenamalgamated with Part 15 ofthis standard. In formulation ofthis standard considerable assistance have been derived from the following standards: ISO 10545-1 : 1995 Ceramictiles - Part 1 : Sampling and basis for acceptance ISO 10545-2 : 1995 Ceramictiles - Part 2 : Determination of dimensions and surface quality ISO 10545-3 : 1995 Ceramictiles - Part 3 : Detennination of waterabsorption, apparentporosity, apparent relative density and bulk density ISO 10545-4 : 2004 Ceramictiles - Part 4 : Determination of modulus of rupture and breakingstrength ISO 10545-5 : 1996 Ceramic tiles- Part 5 : Determination of impact resistance bymeasurement of coefficient of restitution ISO 10545-6 : 1995 Ceramictiles - Part 6 : Determination of resistanceto deep abrasionfor unglazedtiles ISO 10545-7 : 1996 Ceramictiles - Part 7 : Determination of resistance to surfaceabrasionfor glazed tiles ISO 10545-8 : 1994 Ceramictiles - Part 8 : Determination of linear thermalexpansion ISO 10545-9 : 2004 Ceramictiles - Part 9 : Determination of resistance to thermalshock ISO 10545-10 : 1995 Ceramictiles - Part 10 : Detennination of moistureexpansion ISO 10545-11 : 1994 Ceramictiles - Part 11 : Determination of crazing resistancefor glazed tiles ISO 10545·12 : 1995Ceramictiles - Part 12 : Determination offtost resistance ISO 10545-13 : 1995 Ceramictiles - Part 13 : Determination ofchemicalresistance ISO 10545-14 : I99S Ceramictiles - Part 14 : Determination of resistanceto stains ISO 13006 : 1998 Ceramictiles - Definitions, classification, characteristics and marking For the purpose of deciding whethera particularrequirement of this standard is complied with, the fmal value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2.: 1960 'Rules for roundingoff numerical values (revised)'. The numberofsignificantplaces retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specifiedvalue in this standard. · IS 13630 (part 1) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 1 DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS AND SURFACE QUALITV ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE 1.1 This standard (Part 1) covers methods for detennining the dimensional characteristics (length, width, thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity, surfaceflatness) and the surface quality ofall ceramic tiles. 1.2 Tileswith area less than 400 mm2 are excluded from measurements of length, width, thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity, and surface flatness. 1.3 Spacer lugs, glaze bobs and other irregularitiesof thesidesshallbe ignoredwhenmeasuring length, width, and straightness of sides, rectangularity if these are subsequently hidden in the joints after fixing. 2 MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH AND WIDTH b) All measurements of length and width; Average size ofeach test specimenfor square tiles; and the averagelength andwidthfor each oblong tile; d) Average size of 10 test specimensfor square tiles and the average length and width of oblong tiles; e) Deviation in percentof theaverage sizeof each tile (2 or 4 sides) from the work size; and f) Deviation in percent of the average size of each tile (2 or 4 sides) from the average size of the 10 test specimens (20 or 40 sides). c) 3 MEASUREMENTS OF THICKNESS 3.1 Apparatus 2.1 Apparatus Micrometer screwgaugewithanvilsof S mm to 10 nun diameter, or other suitable apparatus. 3.2 Test Specimens Vernier calipers or other suitable apparatus for linear measurement. 2.2 Test SpeclmeDs Ten whole tiles in each type shall be tested. 3.3 Procedure 3.3.1 For all tiles except split tiles, draw diagonals between the comers and measure the thickness at the thickest pointwithin eachof the foursegments. Measure the thicknessof each tile under test in four positionsto an accuracyof 0.1 mm. 3.3.2 For split tiles, draw four lines at right angles Ten whole tiles in each type shall be tested. 2.3 Procedure Measure each side of the tile under test at positions 5 mm from the comers. Measurements shall be made to the nearest 0.1 mm. 2.4 Expression of Results The average dimension of square tiles is the average of four measurements. The average dimension of the sampleis the average of40 measurements. For oblong tiles, each similar pair of sides of a tile provides the appropriate average dimension of the tile, an average of two measurements. The average dimensions for length and width are the average of 20 measurements each. across the extruded projections at distance of 1/8,3/8, 5/8, 7/8 ofthe lengthmeasured from the end. Measure the thickness at the thickest point on each line. 3.4 Expression of Results For all tiles the average thickness of each individual tile is the average of four measurements. The average thickness of the sample is the average of 40 measurements. 3.5 Test Report 2.5 Test Report The test report shall contain the following: a) Description of the tiles; The test report shall contain the following: a) Description of the tiles; IS 13630 (part 1) : 2_ b) All measurements of thickness; c) Average thickness of each test specimen; and d) Deviation in percentof the average thickness of each tile (2 or 4 sides) ftom the work size 5 MEASUREMENT OF RECTANGULARITY 5.1 TermlDololY 5.1.1 For the purpose ofmeuurement ofrectaDp11rity ofceramic tilesaccordiD& to thisstIIndard, thefollowina deftnition shall apply. thickness. 4 MEASUREMENTS OF STRAIGHTNESS OF SIDES 4.1 TermlDOlol)' 4.1.1 Forthe purpose ofmeuurement ofstraighmess ofceramic tilesaccordiD& to thisstandard, thefollowiD& definitions sbaU'Bpply. 5.1.2 Devlallon/rom Rectanplarlty -If a comerof the tile is placed against the angle of an accurate calibratiDg plate,deviation in percentfiun rectangularity is defined 81: & -)(100 L 4.1.2 Stralghtnal olSldes - Defined u thedeviation from straightness of the centreof the side in the plane of the tile. The measurement is only relevant to the where L -lenath of the adjacentsides of the tile, and straight sidesof tiles. 4.2 Appantul 4.2.1 An apparatus asshown in Fig. 1, or othersuitable apparatus such as steel square. The dial puge (..4) is 8 - deviation of the outercomer of thesideofthe tile (measured S mm from the comer) from the innerside of the calibrating plate. 5.2 Appantul 5.2.1 Anapparatus as shown inFig. 1,or othersuitable apparatus such as steel square. The diallauge (B) is used for measuring the rectangularity of sides. 5.2.2 A calibrating plate, made of steel of accurate dimensions and withstraightflat sides. 5.3 Test Speclmenl used for measuring the straightness of sides. 4.2.2 A calibrating plate made of steel of accurate dimensions and with straightflat sides. 4.3 Test SpeelmeDI Ten ~bole tiles in each type shall be tested. 4.4 Proeedure 4.4.1 Select an apparatus of tile appropriate dimensions so that, when a tile is placed in the apparatus, the locating studs are S mm from the each comer of th~ sidebeingmeasured. 4.4.2 Fitthe appropriate calibrating plate e~ly into position in the instrument and adjust the dial gauge reading to a suitable known value. Tenwhole tiles in each type shallbe tested. 5.4 Procedure 5.4.1 Select anapparatus oftheappropriate dimensions so that, when a tile is placed in the apparatus, the locating studs are S mm from the each comer of the sidebeingmeasured. Theplungerof the dialgauge (8) shall also be ~ mm from the comer of the tile on the side beingmeasured. 5.4.2 Fit theappropriate calibrating plateexactly into 4.4.3 Remove the calibrating plate, place the proper surface ofthetileon the locating studsinthe apparatus and record the dial gauge reading in the centre of the side. Rotate the tile, if square, to obtain four measurements. Repeatthis procedure for each tile. In the case of oblong tiles, use separate instruments of the appropriate dimensions to measure lengths and width. Measure to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. 4.5 Test Report position in the instrument and adjust the dial gauge reading to a suitable known value. 5.4.3 Remove the calibrating plate, place the proper surface oCthe tile on the locating studs in theapparatus andrecord thedialpoge reading S mm from thecomer. Rotate the tile, if square,to obtainfourmeasurements. Repeat this procedure for each tile.Inthe case ofoblong tiles, use separate instruments of the appropriate dimensions to measure lengths and width. Meuure to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. 5.5 EspreuloD of Results The test report shallcontainthe following: a) Description of the tiles; All measurements of straightness of sides; and c) Maximum deviation from straightness in percent, related to the corresponding work sizes. b) 2 Rectangularity shall be expressed u a percentage of the length and width for oblonl tiles; and the size for squaretiles. IS 13630 (part I) : 2006 (8) DIRECTION OF POSITIVE ORNEGATIVe READING FIG. 1 ApPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS OF SIDES AND RECTANGULARITY 5.6 Test Report The test report shall contain the following: a) Description of the tiles; b) All measurements of rectangularity; and c) Maximum deviation from rectangularity in percent, related to the corresponding work sizes. 6 MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE FLATNESS (CURVATURE AND WARPAGE) 6.1.4 Edge Curvature - The departure of the centre of one edge of a tile from the plane in which three of the fourcomers lie. 6.1.5 Warpage - The departure of the fourth comer of a tilefrom the plane in which threeofthefourcomers lie. 6.2 Apparatus 6.2.1 For tiles larger than 40 mm )( 40 mm the apparatus given in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.2.2 shall be used. 6.1.1.1 An apparatusas shown in Fig. 2, or any other suitable instrument. Although only one dial gauge is shown in the figure. there are three on the instrument, located at the centre of oneside,at thecentreof thetile and at one comer. To measure smooth-surfaced tiles the support studs are S rnm in diameter. In order to obtain meaningfbl results forothertile surfaces, suitable . support studs shall be used. 6.2.1.2 True flat calibrating plate of metal or glassand at least 10 mm thick for the apparatus described in 6.2.1.1. 6.2.2 For tiles of dimensions 40 rnm )( 40 mm or less the apparatus given in 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2 shall be used. 3 6.1 Terminology 6.1.1 For the purpose of measurement of surface flatness (curvature and warpage) of ceramic tiles according to this standard, the following definitions shall apply. 6.1.2 Surface Flatness - Defmed by measurements in threepositions onthe surface of tiles.Tilesthathave relief on the proper surfacepreventing measurements on that surface shall, wherepossible, be measured on the back. 6.1.3 Centre Curvature - Thedeparture of thecentre ofa tilefrom theplanein which threeofthefourcorners lie. IS 13630 (part I) : 2006 DIRECT ION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE READING 3-0FF GAUGE AND ADJUSTABLE MOUNTING DEVICE ,ONE ONlY SHONN FIG. 2 ApPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE FLATNESS 6.2.2.1 Metal straightedge 6.2.2.2 Thickness feeler gauges 6.3 Test Specimens of the tile, and the two outer dial gauges are 10 mm from the sides of the tile. 6.4.1.3 Adjustthe threedial gaugesto a suitableknown value. 6.4.1.4 Remove the calibrating plate, place a tile on the apparatuswithpropersurfaceofthe tile downwards andrecordthethreedialgaugereadingin the centre of the side. Rotate the tile, if square, to obtain four measurements ofeachproperties. Repeatthis procedure for each tile. In the case of oblong tiles, use separate instruments of the appropriate dimensions.Record the maximum centre curvature, edge curvature and warpage for each tile. Measure to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. Ten whole tiles in each type shall be tested. 6.4 Procedure 6.4.1 For 1iles Larger Than 40 mm x 40 mm 6.4.1.1 Select an apparatus of the appropriate size and place the corresponding calibrating plate exactly into positionson top ofthe three accuratelypositioned studs. 6.4.1.2 The centre ofeach stud is 10 nun fromthe side 6.4.1 For Ttl« Dimension 0/49 mm )( 40 mm or Less 4 IS 13630 (part 1): 2006 6.4.2.1 In order to measure edge curvature, place a straightedge acrosstheedgesandmeasurethegap under the straightedge by means of the feeler gauges. Determine centre curvature in the same manner but m) Shading, n) Nipped edges, and p) Nipped comers. 7.1.2 In order to judge whether an intentional decorative effect is acceptable or is a defect; see the relevant clause of the product standard. Cracks, nippededges and nipped comers cannotbe intentional effects. 7.2 Apparatus alonf.diagonals. 6.4.2.2 There shall be no warpage measurements. 6.5 Expression or Results 6.5.1 Centrecurvature is expressed as a percentageof the length of the diagonal. 6.5.2 Edgecurvatureis expressed as percentageof the length and width, for oblong tiles and percentage of the size for square tiles. Warpage is expressed as a 7.2.1 Fluorescent Lighting of Colour Temperature 6 000 K to 6 500 K 7.2.2 Meter Rule or Other Suitable Means of Measuring Distance 7.2.3 Light Meter 7.3 Test Specimens percentage ofthe length ofthe diagonal. 6.5.3 Measurements for tiles with spacer lugsshall be expressed in mm. 6.6 Test Report The test report shall contain the following: a) Description of the tiles; b) All measurements of centre curvature; c) All measurements of edge curvature; d) All measurements of warpage; e) Maximum centre curvature, in percentage, related to the diagonal calculated from work size; f) Maximum edge curvature, in percentage, related to the correspondingwork size; and g) Maximum warpage, in percentage related to the diagonal calculated from work size. 7 SURFACE QUALITY 7.1 Surface Defects and Intentional Effects 7.1.1 Criteria for assessing the surface quality of At least I m2 with a minimum of 30 tiles shall be tested. 7.4 Procedure 7.4.1 Place the tiles with the proper surface under observationso that they can be viewed nonnally at a distance of I m. Illuminate them with an even light intensity of300 lux at the surfaceof the tiles and check the light intensityat the centre and each comer of the area of tiles under test, 7.4.2 Viewthe tiles with naked eye (with the aid ofa spectacle, if usually worn). 7.4.3 Preparation of the test area and the viewing of the test shall not be performed by the same person. 7.4.4 Intentional effects in the surface shall not be regarded as defects. 7.5 Expression or Results glazed, engobed and unglazed tiles are as follows: a) b) Cracks. Crazing, Swface quality is expressed as the percentage of tiles withoutdefects. 7.6 Test Report c) Short glazing, d) Unevenness, e) Depressions, t) Holes, g) 0 laze devitrification, h) Specks and spots, j) The test report shall contain the following: a) Descriptionof the tiles; b) Number of tiles tested including the area of tiles tested; c) Assessment criteria used; and d) Percentageof tiles withoutdefects. Under glazefaults, k) Decoratingfaults, 5 IS 13630 (part 1) : 2006 L ~ ........ - --+c L ~"''''''''''''·c FIG. 3 STRAIGHTNESS OF SIDES; DEVIATION FROM STRAIGHTNESS: elL L Flo. 4 RECTANGULARITY; DEVIATION FROM RECTANGULARITY 61L o "'---L---~ FIG. S CENTRE CURVATURE (L1cID) +61 -tu .1 I. ~---L---FIG. 6 EooE CURVATURE (&IL) 6 IS 13630 (Part 1) : 2006 -6w FIG. 7 WARPAGE (4wID) 1 IS 13630 (Part 2) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 2 DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTION AND BULK DENSITY ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE This standard (Part 2) covers methods of test for determiningthe water absorption of all ceramictiles. 2 TERMINOLOGY 2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following definition shall apply. 2.2 Water Absorption - so that each test specimen reaches a mass of 50 g to 100 g. 4.4 Tiles with sides larger than 200 mm may be cut up, but all piecesshall be includedin the measurement. With polygonal and other non-rectangular tiles, the length and width shall be those of the enclosing rectangles. 5 PROCEDURE The increase in mass (expressed as a percentage of the mass of the dry material) of tiles which after determination of the dry mass are placed under water, then boiled and, after wards, cooled during specified times while still completely immersed, taken out of the water and reweighedafter removingexcess of water. 3 APPARATUS S.1 Water Impregnation 5.1.1 Dry the tiles in the oven at 110 ± SoC until constant mass is reached, that is, when the difference between two successive weighing at intervals of 24 h is less than 0.1 percent. 5.1.2 Cool the tiles in the desiccator over silica gel or other suitable desiccant, but not an acid, until cooled to room temperature. 5.1.3 Weigh each tile and record the results of the corresponding accuracyshown in Table 1. Table 1 Tile Mass: Accuracy of Measurement 81 No. (I) 3.1 Drying Oven 110OC. Capable of operation at about 3.2 Heating Apparatus - Constructed of suitable inert material, in which the boiling will take place. 3.3 Source or Heat 3.4 Balance - Accurate to 0.01 percent of the mass of a test specimen. 3.5 De-ionized or Distilled Water Ma.lolTIIeI B (2) Accuracy 01 Mea.urement. g (3) i) ii) 3.6 Desiccator 3.7 Chamois Leather 3.8 Wire Loop, Halter, Basket - iii) iv) v) 0 to 100 101to 500 501 to I 000 1001 to 3000 Above 3 000 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.50 1.00 Capable of supporting specimens under water for making suspended mass measurements. 4 TEST SPECIMENS 4.1 A sample for each type of tile under test shall consist of 10 whole tiles. 5.1.4 Placethetilesvertically, withno contactbetween them, in water in the heating apparatus/water bath so that there is a depth of SO nun water above and below the tiles. Maintainthe water level of SO nun above the tiles throughoutthe test. 5.1.5 Heat the water until boilingand continueto boil for 2 h. Then remove the source of heat and allow the tiles to cool, still completely immersed in this water overnight. 5.1.6 Remove the surface water from the tile pieces 4.1 If the proper surfacearea ofeach individual tile is greater than 0.04 m2, then only 5 whole tiles shall be used for the tests. 4.3 When the mass of each individual tile is below 50 g, a sufficientnumberof tiles shall be taken by chamois leather. 8 ·IS 13630 (Part 2) : 2006 5.1.7 Immediately after this procedureweigheach tile and record the results to the same accuracy as for the dry state. 5.2 Suspended Weight 6.1.3 Calculate the average water absorption of the sample as the average of the individual results. 6.2 Bulk Density 6.2.1 Bulk density, B, in g/cm', ofa specimen is the After water impregnation of the test specimens, determine to the nearest 0.01 g the mass m3, of each specimen while suspended in water. Perform the weighing by placing the specimen in the wire loop, halter, or basket (see 3.8) that is suspended from one arm of the balance. Before actually weighing, counterbalance the scale with the wire loop, halter, basket in placeand immerse in waterto the samedepth as is used when the specimensare in place. 6 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 6.1 Water Absorption 6.1.1 For each tile, calculatethe waterabsorption as a percentage of the dry mass using the expression: m2 -m1 quotient of its dry mass divided by the exterior volume, including pores. Calculate the bulk density as follows: B = (m/V) where m. = mass of the dry tile; V = exterior volume, in em): (m2 - m); and mJ = mass of suspended tile impregnated by boilingwater method. NOTE - Fordetermination of bulkdensity by boilingwater method, the specimen size shouldnot be morethan 0.01 m2 (100 mmx IOOrnm) to facilitate propcrwcighingoftileundcr suspended conditions by boilin. 'Yater method. -roe m. where m. = mass of the dry tile; and m2 = mass of the wet tile. 6.1.2 The results shall be given to the fllSt decimal 6.3 Tes_~ Report The test report shall contain the following: a) Descriptionof the tiles; b) Water absorption and bulk density of each individual tile; and c) Average water absorptionand bulk density. place. 9 IS 13630 (Part 3) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 3 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE EXPANSION USING BOILING WATER - UNGLAZED TILES ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE This standard (Part 3) covers methods of test for determining the moisture expansion of unglazed ceramictiles. 2 TERMINOLOGY 1.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitionshall apply. 1.2 Moisture Expansion Using Boiling Water- The 5.1.2 Refire the test specimens in a kiln, with a temperature rise of 150°C/h and a 2 h soak at 600°C. 5.1.3 Allow the test specimens to cool inside the kiln for at least 20 h, remove them when the temperature falls to 70 ± 10°C and then keep them at room temperature for at least 20 h in a desiccator. 5.1.4 Measure the test specimens twice with 3 h between measurements, 5.1.5 Record the length of each test specimenrelative to the length of the invar reference bar in order to eliminate possible variations of the measuring apparatus. 5.1.6 Determine the initiallengthof eachtest specimen to the nearest 0.5 mm. 5.1 Boiling Water Treatment difference between the means of measurements made on test specimensbefore and after subjecting them to boiling water. It is expressed as IlL, where I is the expansion after treatment in boiling water and L is the initiallength. 3 APPARATUS 3.1 Direct reading gauge with a minimum travel of 10 mm and an accuracy of at least 0.01 mm. 3.1 Reference bars of nickel steel (invar) of the approximate lengths of the test specimens. 3.3 Kiln 3.4 Vernier calipers or other suitable apparatus, for linear measurement to the nearest 0.5 mm. 3.5 An apparatus for maintaining the specimens in 5.2.1 Immerse the test specimens in boiling water for 24 h consecutively, ensuring that there is at least SO mm heightof water above and the test specimen do not touch each other or touch the base and sides. 5.1.1 Remove the test specimens and allow them to cool at room temperature, measure them after 1 h and again after a further 3 h. boiling water for 24 h. 4 TEST SPECIMENS 4.1 Sample for each type of tile undertest shallconsist 5.1.3 Record the measurement as in 5.1. 6 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 6.1 For each test specimensdeterminethe meanof the two measurements prior to treatment in boiling water, the mean of the two measurements after boiling water treatment and then determine the difference between the two mean values. of sevenwholetiles.Cuta test specimen fromthecentre of each tile of the greatest possible length of up to 100 mm with a minimum width of 35 mm and the thickness that of the tile. 4.2 In the case of extruded tile the length of the test specimens shall be in the direction ofthe extrusion. 4.3 Preparethe ends of the test specimensas required for the adopted measuringdevice. S PROCEDURE 5.1 Refiring 5.1.1 [fthe test specimensbecome wetduringcutting, 6.2 The moisture expansion, in mmlm is calculated from //L )( 1 000. 7 TEST REPORT The test report shall contain the following: a) Description ofthe tiles; and b) Moisture expansion of each test specimen. 10 keep them for 24 h at room temperature. IS 13630 (part 4): 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHO~S OF TEST, · SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 4 DETERMINATION OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE This standard (Part 4) covers a method of test for detennining the coefficientoflinear thennal expansion of all ceramic tiles. 2 PRINCIPLE The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is determined for the temperature range from ambient temperature to 100°C. 3 APPARATUS 3.1 Suitable Calibrated Thermal Expansion Apparatus tiles fired along with the normal production may be used. S PROCEDURE S.1 Dry thetestspecimens at 110 :J: SoC until they reach constant mass, that is, whenthedifference between two successive weighing at intervals of 24 h is less than 0.1 percent. Then allowthemto cool in a desiccator at ambienttemperature. 5.2 UsingVernier calipers,determine the length to an accuracy of 0.002 times of the length. 5.3 Place a test specimen in the apparatus and note the ambient temperature. The apparatus shouldbe capable of heatingat the rate of 3°C/min with uniform distribution of heat to a test specimen. Certaintypesof apparatusrequirea soaking timeat 100°C. 3.2 Vernier Callpen ." 5.4 Initially and throughout the heating procedure, measure the lengthto an accuracy of 0.01 mm. 5.5 The rate of heatingshall be 3°e/min. 6 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 6.1 The coefficient of linearexpansion (a) isexpressed to the first decimalplace )( 1O~oC in accordance with the expression: a=-x/0 41 3.3 DrylDI Oven ±soC. 3.4 Desiccator Capable of operating at; 110 1M 4 TEST SPECIMENS 4.1 Twotestspecimens shall becut at rightangles from the centralportion of one tile so that their lengths are suitable for the apparatus. 4.2 The end of the test specimens shall be groundflat and parallel. where /0 -length of test specimens at the ambient temperature; 4/ increase in the lengthof the testspecimen; and -, 111 = rise in temperature. ::I 7 TEST REPORT 4.3 The test specimens are ground to make the length of specimen equal to 2S.4::i: 1 mm and diameterequal to 10:J: 1 mm. Alternatively, the size of the test specimen should be according to the requirement of the apparatus. 4.4 In the case of glazed tiles, the glaze shall be ground offthe test specimens or alternatively unglazed The test report shall contain the following: a) b) Brief description of the apparatus; Description ofthe tiles; and c) Coefficient of linear thermal expansion for both test specimens. II IS 13630 (part 5) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FORACCEPTANCE PART 5 DETERMINAnON OF RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK ( First Revision) 1 seOPE This standard (Part S) coven a method of test for determining the resistance to thermal shock of all ceramic tiles in nonnal conditions of use. Depending on the water absorption ofthetiles,different procedures (tests with or without immenion) are used unless there is an agreementto the contrary. 2 PRINCIPLE an illumination of approximately 300 lux. All the test specimens shall be free from defoctl at the commencement of test. The methylene blue solution described in 5.5 may be used to detect pretest defects. 5.2 For 'JUtiDI with Immenlon Inthe cue of lowporositytileshavingwater absorption not areater than 10 percent, immene them vertically in cold water at IS :t: SoC so that they are not in contact with each other. 5.3 For Teltlnl wltllout ImmenloD Detennination ofresistance to thermalshockof. whole ,tile by cycling10timesbetween the temperature of cold water anda temperature just abovethatofboilina water. Usuallytests are cmied out between lSoC and 14SoC. 3 APPARATUS In the cue of glazed tiles having water absorption greater than 10 percent, place the glazed surface downwards in contact with the aluminium grains over the cold water bath at 1S :i: SoC. 5.4 Temperatare eyeliD. For both proceClures, after S minat thelow temperature, immediately transferthe test specimens to the oven and keep it at 14SoC to ISOOC untila unifonntemperature is achieved (usually 20 min),andthen immediately transfer themback to the lowtemperature conditions. 3.1 LQw Temperatare Bat. -Through whichcold waterflows at 1S :i: SoC. Oneexample isa bath SSO nun long, 350 mm wide and 220 mm deep with water flow rate of 4 litre/min. Any other suitable apparatus may be used. 3.1.1 'Jesting with Immersion - In the case of all tiles havingwater absorption not greaterthan 10 percentthe bath is not covered and is of sufficient depth to allow , Repeat this procedure 10 times. thetilesto be placedverticallyand immersed completely. 5.5 Examl.atlon 3.1.2 Testing without Immersion - In the cue of Thenexaminethe test specimensfor visibledefects by glazed tiles having water absorption greater than viewina them with the naked eye (with the aid of 10 percent, the bath is covered with a S mm thick spectacles ifusually worn)froma distanceof2S em to aluminium plate in suchmannerthatthe water,directed 30 cm underan illumination ofapproximately 300 lux. towardsthe surfaceis in contactwiththeplate.Covering To usist in detectingdefects. a suitable stain (such as the aluminium plate is a layer of aluminium grains 1 percent aqueous solution of methylen~ blue approximately S nun thick with diameten in the range containing a small quantity of wetting agent) ~ay be orO.3 mmto 0.6 nun. brushedonto the glazedsurfacesof the test specimens. After 1 min, wipe otfthe stain with a damp cloth. 3.1 Oven-Capable ofoperation at 14S0Cto150°C. 4 TEST SPECIMENS A minimum of five test specimensshall be used. 5 PROCEDURE 6 TEST REPORT The test report shall contain the following: 5.1 Firstexamine thetilesforvisibledefects byviewing them with the naked eye (with the aid of spectacles if usually worn) tram a distanceof25 em to 30 em under 12 a) Description ofthe tiles; b) Water absorption coefficient of the tiles; c) Type of test performed (with or without immersion); and d) Numberoftestlpecimenswithvisibledefects. IS 13630 (part 6) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, .SAMPLINGAND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 8 DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF RUPTURE AND BREAKING STRENGTH ( First Revision) I SCOPE This standard (Part 6) covers a method of test for determining the modulus of rupture and breaking strength of all ceramic tiles. 1 REFERENCE The standard listed below is necessaryadjunct to this standard: 4.3 Two Cyllndrlea' Support Rods - It shall be made of metal and the parts in contact with the test specimen shall be covered with rubber having a hardness of SO :J: 5 IRHD. measured in accordance with IS 3400 (Part 2). One rod shall be slightly pivotable (see Fig. I) and the other shall be slightly rotatable about its own axis (see Table I for relevant dimensions). 4.4 Central Cyllndrlca' Rod -It shall beof the same diameter as the support rods and covered with similar rubber, whichtransmitsthe load F. This rod shall also be slightly pivotable (see Fig. 1) (see Table 1 for relevant dimensions). 5 TEST SPECIMENS IS No. 3400 (part 2) : 1995 nIle Methods of test for vulcanized rubbers: Part 2 Hardness (second revision) 3 PRINCIPLE Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strengthof a wholetile by meansof three-pointloading, the centralpoint being in contactwiththe propersurface of the tile. 4 APPARATUS 4.1 Dryinl Oven - Capableofoperation at 110:I: SoC. 4.1 Reeording Gaul. - Accurateto 2 percent. 5.1 Whenever possible, whole tiles shall be tested. However, it may be necessaryto cut exceptionally large tiles (that is those greater than 300 mm in length) and some non-rectangular shapes in order to fit them in the apparatus. Rectangular test specimens of the largest possible size shall then be cut, having their centres coincidingwith the centres of tiles. 5.1 In caseof doubt) resultsobtainedusingwholetiles FlO. 1 ApPARATUS FOR MEASUR.EMENT OF MODULUS OF RUPTUIlE 13 IS 13630 (Part 6) : 2006 Table 1 Diameter of Rods, Thickness of Rubber and Length (Clauses 4.4, 6.2 and 6.6) SI No. Dlmenalon Tile or 01.meter of Rod d Thickneuof Rubber Overlap of Tile Beyond the Edle Supports mm (I) i) ii) mm (3) 20 10 5 t mm (4) 5 I mm (5) 10 5 2 (2) ~9S < 9S ~ 48 < 48 ~ 18 2.S I iii) shall always be preferred to results obtained with cut tiles. 5.3 The minimum number of test specimens for each sample is given in Table 2. Table 2 Minimum Number of Test Specimens SI diameter of the central rod shall be used to calculate the average breaking strength and average modulus of rupture. 7.2 A minimum oftive acceptable results is necessary to calculate the average value. 7.3 If there are fewer than five acceptable results, a second sampleshall be tested consistingthe double the number of tiles. 7.4 A minimum of ten acceptable results is then required to calculate the average value. 7.5 The breaking strength (S), expressed in newtons, is calculated by means of the expression: S Dimensionor Tile No. (I) i) rom (2) ~48 Minimum Number of Tat Speclmenl (l) 7 10 ii) < 48 ~ 18 6 PROCEDURE 6.1 I f cut test specimens are to be measured, dry them in the oven at 110 ± SoC until constant mass is reached. that is when the difference between two successive weighing at intervals of 24 h is less than 0.) percent. 6.2 Place a test specimenon two supportingrods, with the glazed or proper surface uppermost so that the test specimen projects by the length / (see Table 1 and Fig. 2) beyond each support rod. 6.3 Position the central rod equidistant between the support rods.Apply the load evenly in such a way as to obtain a rate of increase of stress of I ± 0.2 N/mm2/s; the actual rate per second can be calculated by the expression given in 7. 6.4 Note the load to break, F. = FUb where F = load required to break the tile, in N; L = span of the support rods, in mm (see Fig. 2); and b = wdth of the tile, in mm, 7.6 The modulusof rupture (8), expressed in newtons/ mm2, is calculated by means of the expressions. 8 = 3 FL/2 b h 2 where F = load required to break the tile, in N; L =span of the support rods, in mm (see Fig. 2); b = width of the tile, in mm; and h = minimum thickness of the test specimen 6.5 For extruded tiles, place the tiles so that the projecting ribs are at right angles to the support rods. For all other rectangular tiles the greater side is at right angles to the support rods. 6.6 For tiles with relief surfaces, place a second layer of rubber,of the appropriatethicknessgiven inTable 1, on the central rod in contact with the relief surface. 7 EXPRESSION OF RESULT 7.1 Only the results for test specimens that break measuredafter the test along the broken edge, inmm. NOTE- The calculationof the modulusof rupture is based on a rectangularcross-section. In the case of'tiles of variable thickness along the broken edge. approximate results only are produced. The shallower the relief, the more exact is it possibleto make the approximations. 7.7 Note all results for breakingstrength and modulus of rupture. 7.8 Calculate the average breaking strength and average modulus of rupture of the samples as the average of the acceptable results. 14 within a central portion of length equivalent to the IS 13630 (Part 6) : 2006 FIG. 2 SECTION ACROSS MODULUS OF RUPTURE ApPARATUS 8 TEST REPORT The test report shall contain the following: a) Description of the tile; b) Number of test specimens; c) d) e) Values of d. It It Land F; Modulus of rupture and breaking strength of each test specimen; and Average modulus of rupture and breaking strength. IS IS 13630 (part 7) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 7 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL RESISTANCE UNGLAZED nLES ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE 4.2 SwlmDlIDI Pool Salts a) Sodium hypochlorite solution 20 mg/l, prepared from technical grade hypochlorite with about 13 percent active chlorine, and b) Copper sulphate solution, 20 mg/l. 4.3 Aeld. This standard (Part 7) coven a method of test for determining the chemical resistance of the proper surface of all unglazed ceramic tiles. 2 REFERENCE The standard listed below is necessary adjunct to this standard: IS No. 2303 : 1994 3 PRINCIPLE Title Method of grading glass for alkalinity (first revision) The test specimens are partially immersed in the test solution and attack is determined visually after 28 days. 4 AQUEOUS TEST SOLUTIONS a) Sulphuric acid solution, 70 percent (v/v) prepared from concentrated sulphuric acid (d ~ 1.84). Cautiously add the sulphuric acid to water, cooling the solution and keeping it well mixed during addition. b) Lactic acid solution S percent (v/v) (available in this concentration). 4.4 Alkali Potassium hydroxide solution 200 gil. 5 APPARATUS 4.1 Household Chemicals a) Ammonium Chloride Solution, 100 gil. b) Standard cleaning agent solution prepared from: 1) Anhydrous sodium 33 percent (m/m) carbonate 2) Sodiwn perborate 7 percent (m/m) 3) Sodiumsilicatesolution 7 percent (mlm) of density 1.33 g/cm' 4) Commercial sodium 30 percent (m/m) oleate soap flakes 5) Distilled water or 23 percent (m/m) de-ionized water NOTE - The soap can be prepared from concentrated sodium hydroxide solution and oleic acid in the proportions of 2.6 I to 18.S 8 respectively. 5.1 Vessel - With a lid, made of borosilicate glass 3.3 confonning to Type 1 when graded accordingto IS 2303 or any other suitable material. 5.2 Drylnl Oven - Capableofoperationat 110;J: SoC. 5.3 Cbamols Leather 5.4 Balance - Accurate to O.OS g 6 TEST SPECIMENS 6.1 Number of Test Speeimens Fivetest specimensshall be used witheachtestsolution. 6.2 Size of Tat Specimens A square test specimen SO nun )( SO mm shall be cut from each tile under test in such a manner that one side of each test specimen is not a cut side. 6.3 Preparation or Test Specimens c) 100 g ofthis standard cleaning agent contain 70 g ofdry substance. Use in a concentration of 109 dry substance per litre. The test solution shall be prepared immediatelybefore use. 16 Thoroughly clean the proper surface with a suitable solvent, for example, methanol. Test specimens with surface defects shall be excluded from the test. IS 13630 (part 7) : 2006 7 PROCEDURE . 7.1 Dry thetestspecimens at 110::I: SoC until theyreach to constant mass when the difference between the successive weighing is lessthan0.1 g, and cool to room tempera~. spectacles usually worn, for changes -on the proper surface andthe non-cut edge. Secondarily examine the parts of the cut edges that were immersed. 8 TEST REPORT 7.2 Immerse the test specimens verti~1y to a depth of 25 mm in the test solution (which may be any of those listed in 4) in the test vessel. The non-cutside of eachtest specimenshall be fully immersed.Cover with the lid and maintain the test assembly for 28 days at 27:l: 2°C. 7.3 After28 days subjectthe testspecimens to nmning The test reportshall containthe following: a) b) c) d) Description of the tile; Test solution(s) used; Number of test specimens; Number of test specimens damaged by each test solutions; e) Visual changes on the proper surface as a result of the test specified in 7; t) Visual changeson the non-cut edges as a result of the test specified in 7; and . g) Visualchanges on the cut-edges as a resultof the test specified in 7. water for 7 days and then boil them for ~ h while completely immersed in water. Remove the test specimens from the water and dab with wet but wrung out chamois leather. 7.4 Examine the test specimen with naked eye, with 17 IS 13630 (part 8) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 8 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL RESISTANCE GLAZED TILES ( First Revision) I SCOPE 1.1 This standard (Part 8) coversa method of test for determining the chemical resistance of the proper surface of all glazedceramic tilesat room temperature. 1.2 The method isapplicable to allglazedceramic tiles exceptthatthe penciltest is onlyappliedto glazesfrom whichpencil marks can be removedby meansof a dry cloth. 1.3 Wherethe penciltest is not applicable, the glazes can be classified by the changein appearance resulting fromchemical action. 1.4 The stain test is not applicable tiles described as part glazed. 2 REFERENCE b) Standard cleaning agent solution, prepared from: 1) Anhydrous sodium 33 percent(mlm) carbonate 2) Sodiumperborate 7 percent(mint) 3) Sodium silicate solution 7 percent (mlm) of density 1.33 g/cm3 4) Commercial sodium 30 percent (mlm) oleate soap flakes S) Distilledwater or 23 percent (mlm) de-ionizedwater c) 100 g of this standardcleaning agentcontain 70 g of dry substance. Use in a concentration of 109dry substance per litre. The test solution shall be prepared immediately before use. NOTE - Thesoap canbeprepared fiom concentrated sodium hydroxide solution and oleicacid in the proportion of 2.68 to 18.5 I respectively. The stUidard listed below is necessary adjunct to this standard: IS No. 1itle 2303 : 1994 3 PRINCIPLE Methodofgradingglass for alkalinity (first revision) 4.3 SwlmmlDI Pool Salts 3.1 For testing the resistance to staining, the test solutions are allowed to drop on and dry and then the a) Sodium hypochlorite solution 20 mgll, prepared from technical grade hypochlorite with about 13 percent active chlorine. b) Copper sulphatesolution, 20 mgll. 4.4 Acids test surfaces are inspected for visual changes. 3.2 For testing the resistance to householdchemicals, swimming pool salts and citric acid, part ofthe glazed surface is subjected to the action of the test solution for 6 h and then inspected for visual changes. 3.3 For testingthe resistance to hydrochloric acid and a) Hydrochloric Acid Solution, 3 percent (vlv) prepared from concentrated sulphuric acid (d~ 1.19); and b) Citric Acid Solution, 100 gil. 4.5 Alkali potassium hydroxide the procedure is similar except that the period of test is 7 days. 4 AQUEOUS TEST SOLUTIONS Potassium hydroxide solution 200 gil. 5 APPARATUS 5.1 Vellel A cylinder of borosilicate glass conforming to Type 1 when graded according to IS 2303 or any other suitable material havinga lid or an openingfor filling_ The bottomedgeofthe cylinder shall be ground ftat and perpendicular to the vertical axis of the cylinder. Variations from the experimental 4.1 Stains a) b) Methylene Blue, 10 gil, and Potassium Permanganate Solution, 10 gil. Ammonium Chloride Solution, 100 gil; 18 4.2 Housebold Cbemlcals a) IS 13630 (part 8) : 2006 arrangement are permitted in order to accommodate different sizes. 5.2 Sealin. Material 5.3 Cloth - 7.1.2 Testing in Accordance with 3.2 7.1.2.1 Apply a uniform layer of the sealing material . White cotton or flax. 3 mm thick,to the rimof the cylinder. Tum the cylinder upside down onto a fresh part of the glazed surface as shown in Fig. I and seal around the rim. 7.1.2.2 Pour the test solution through the inlet to a height of 20 ± I mm maintain the test assembly at a temperature of27 ± 2°C. 7.1.2.3 Fortestingresistanceto householdchernicals, 5.4 Pencil - HB hardness or equivalent. 5.5 Electric Lamp - 40 W, insidewhite(forexample, siliconized). 6 TEST SPECIMENS 6.1 Size or Test Specimens For testingaccordingto 3.2, undamaged test specimens shall be used and they shall consist ofeither whole tile or parts of tiles. 6.2 Number swimming pool salts and citric acid, maintain the test solution in contact with the test specimens for 6 h. Remove the cylinderand clean the glazed surface with a grease solvent. 7.1.2.4 For testingresistanceto hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide, maintain the test solution in contact with the test specimensfor 7 days. or Test Specimens Fivetestspecimens shall be usedwitheachtestsolution. 6.3 Preparation of Test Specimens Thoroughly clean the proper surface with a suitable solvent, for example, methanol. Test specimens with surface defects shall be excluded from the test. 7 PROCEDURE 7.1 Application of Test Solution 7.1.2.5 Shake the test assemblygently once in a day and ensure that the level of the test solution does not change. Replace the test solution after 4 days. After 3 more days, remove the cylinder and clean the glazed surface with a grease solvent. 7.2 Determination After Procedure in Accordance with 7.1.2 7.2.1 General 7.1.1 Testing in Accordance with 3.1 Allow 3 or 4 drops of each of the test solutions specified in 4.1 to fall on a fresh part of the test specimen. Place an approximately 30 mm diameter convex watch glass on the applied drop in order to spread it to an approximately circular area. Allow to remainfor 24 h and then rinse the surfacewithrunning water and wipe with a damp cloth. If a stain remains, thoroughly clean with a solution of the standard cleaning agent. The surface that has been tested has to completelydry before assessment can commence. In order to assess whetherthe penciltest is applicable, draw several lines with an HB pencil on the untreatedparts of the glazed surfaces and attempt to remove the marks with a dry cloth. If the pencil marks cannot be removed, the test specimens can only be assessed visually and the classification scheme of Fig. 2 is not applicable. For all othertest specimens, the assessment shallbe carried out accordingto 7.2.2 to 7.2.4. i LIOUID LEVEL cit 10 -, 6------... FIG. ---.... - --TEST SOLUTION E -- --- ~ -=-:.-::-=.-=:= All dimensions in millimetres. 1 EXAMPLE OF AN EXPBRIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT FOR THE TEST DESCRIBED IN 3.2 19 IS 13630 (Part 8) : 2006 VISIBLE EXAMINATION THE IMAGE DOES NOTDISAPPEAR COMPLETELY THEIMAGE DISAPPEARS COMPLETELY CLASSAA CLASSC CLASS 0 FIG. 2 CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR TESTS WITH HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS, SWIMMING POOL SALTS, ACIDS AND ALKALIS 7.2.2 Initial Visual Examination 7.2.2.1 Examine the surfacethat has beentestedfrom all angles from a standard distance of 250 mm with naked eye, with the aid of spectacles if usually worn, for any difference in appearance from an untreated surface, for example, for change in reflection or the development of brilliance. 7.2.2.2 The illumination is permitted to be artificial or daylight, but direct sunlightshall be avoided. 7.2.2.3 Afterexamination, if there is no visibleeffect, perform the penciltest (see 7.2.3). If there is a visible effect, perform the reflection test (see 7.2.4). water and then wringing out. If removed surface corresponds to Class At if not removed to Class 8. 7.2.4 Reflection Tesl 7.2.4.1 Hold the tile in such a mannerthat the image of the lamp is reflectedon the untreated surface. The angle of incidence of the light upon the surface shall be approximately 45° andthe distance between the tile and the light sourceshall be 3S0 ± 100 mm. 7.2.4.2 The criteria of judgment shall be the sharpness of the reflection and not the brightnessof the surface. Position the tile so that the image faU simultaneously on both treated and untreated part and determine whether it is any less clear in the treated part. 7.2.3 Pencil Test 7.2.3.1 Drawseverallines with an HB pencilboth on the surface undertest and on the untreated surface. 7.2.3.2 Attempt to removethe pencil lines by means ofa soft dry cloth.Ifremoved,the surfacecorresponds 7.2.4.3 This test cannot be applied to certainglazes, in particular, which are dull. 7.2.4.4 If the reflection is clear, perfonnthepencil test withdampwiping. If the linesare removed the swface corresponds to ClassA; ifnot removed to Class8. 7.2.4.5 If the reflection is blurred, but does not 20 to Class AA. If not removed, attempt to remove the pencil linesby means of a soft damp cloth which has been dampened by dipping in distilled or de-ionized IS 13630 (Part 8) : 2006 disappear completely, the classification is C and if the image disappears completely, the classification isD. 8 CLASSIFICATION OF RESULTS 8.1 Classification by Stalntnl Test A = lessresistantthan AA butmoreresistant than B, B = less resistant than A but more resistant than C, C D = less resistant than B, and = not resistant. 8.1.1 In consequence of the procedure with stain solution, which has been performed in accordance with 7.1.1, glazes are divided into three classes given in Table 1. Record the result for each test specimen with each stain solution. Table 1 Classification by Staining Test Test Solution (1) 8.2.2 Assessment not in Accordance with Fig. 2 In consequence of the determinations with household chemicals, swimming pool salts, acids and alkalis performed in accordance with 7.1.2 glazes are divided into several classes as assessed visually. These are glazes for which pencil test and/or reflection test are not applicable. Recordthe result for eachtest specimen with each test solution. 8.2.2.1 Classes ofresistance Observation (2) Clus (3) Methylene blue Potassium permanganate Stainremoved by water Stainremoved by cleaningagent Stainnot removed I 2 3 8.2 Classification by Testing with Household Chemicals, Swimming Pool Salts, Acids and Alkalis 8.1.1 Assessment in Accordancewith Fig. 2 AA = no visible effect, A = slight change in appearance, B = definite change in appearance, C = partial loss of the original surface, and D = total loss of the original surface. 9 TEST REPORT In consequence of the determinations with household chemicals, swimming pool salts, acids and alkalis performedin accordance with 7.1.2 glazes are divided into several classes as given in the scheme shown in Fig 2. Record the result for each test specimen with each test solution 8.2.1.1 Classes ofresistance The test report shall contain the following: a) Description of the tile; b) Test solutions used; c) Visual changes on the proper surface as a result of the test specified in 7; and d) Classification for each test solution and for each test specimen according to 8. AA = resistant, 21 IS 13630 (part 9) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 9 DETERMINATION OF CRAZING RESISTANCE - GLAZED TILES ( First Revision ) I SCOPE 6 PROCEDURE This standard (Part 9) coven a method of test for. detennining the crazing resistance of all glazed tiles except when the crazing is an inherent feature of the product. 2 TERMINOLOGY 2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following 6.1 First, examine the tiles for visible defects by viewing them with the naked eye (with the aid of spectacles if usually worn). All test specimens shall be tree from crazes at the commencement of the test. 6.2 Place the test specimens in the autoclave in such way that there is air space between them. Raise the pressure of the autoclave gradually for a periodof 1 h until it reaches 7S0 ::I: 20 kPa. This pressure is to be maintained for 2 h. Then tum off the steamsource or theheatsupply in thecaseof directly heated autoclaves, allow the pressure to fall as rapidly as possible to atmospheric and cool the test specimens in the autoclave for 30 min. Remove test specimens to the laboratory atmosphere, place them singly on a flat swfaceand allowthemto coolfor a further periodof 30 min. 6.3 Brusha suitablestain, such as 1 percentaqueous definition shall apply. 2.2 Craze - A craze is a crack, showing as a fine hairline, limited to the glazed surface of a tile (see Fig. 1). 3 PRINCIPLE Theresistance to the formation ofcrazes isdetermined by subjecting wholetiles to steam at high pressure in an auto clave and then examining the tiles for crazes after applying a stain to the glazed faces. 4 APPARATUS 4.1 Asteamautoclave of sufficient internal volume to accommodate five tiles under test with adequate separation. Ideally, the steam is fed from an external sourcein orderto maintain a pressure of750 :I: 20 kPa with a steam temperature of 168:1: l°C for 2 h. Then the pressure is allowed to fall rapidly as possible to atmospheric temperature and the test specimens are allowed to cool to rocmremperature. 4.2 Alternatively, a directly heated autoclave may be solution of methylene blue containing a smallquantity of wetting agent, on to the glazed surface of the test specimens. After 1 min wipeoff the stain witha damp cloth. 6.4 Examine the test specimens for crazestakingcare to avoid confusing crazes with scratches and ignoring cracks. 7 TEST REPORT used. 5 TEST SPECIMENS 5.1 At least five wholetiles are tested. 5.2 Exceptionally large tiles may be cut into pieces The test report shall containthe following: a) Description of the tile; b) Number of test specimens; c) Number of test specimens showing crazing; and d) Description of the crazing (written text, drawing or photograph). for enclosure in the steamautoclave, but all the pieces shall be tested. The cut pieces should be u large u possible. 22 IS 13630 (part 9) : 1006 PLAIN TILES DECORATED TILES BELIBS SURFACED TILES FIG. 1 EXAMPLES OF CRAZES 23 IS 13630 (Part 10) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 10 DETERMINATION OF FROST RESISTANCE ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE This standard (Part 10) covers a method of test for evaluating the frost resistance of all ceramic tiles intended for use in conditions of frost in the presence of water. 2 PRINCIPLE NOTE - If tiles with defects such as cracks, crazing, holes, nipped edges and nipped comers have to be tested then the defects shall be marked with a permanent stain prior to the test and these defects shall be examined after testing. 4.2 Preparation After impregnation with water tiles are cycled between + 15° and -15°C. All sides of tiles are exposed to freezing during 50 freeze-thaw cycles. 3 APPARATUS Dry the tiles in the oven at 110 ± 5°C until constant mass is reached, that is, when the difference between two successiveweighingat intervalsof24 h is less than 0.1 percent. Record the dry mass of each tile (MI ) . S IMPREGNATION WITH WATER 3.1 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 110 ± SoC. 3.2 Balance, weighing to 0.1 percent of the mass of a 5.1 Progressive Water Impregnation by Capillarity Whatever the Water Absorption 5.1.1 Place the tiles vertically in the container with no contact betweenthem and no contact with the container so that one lone side shall be standing on the supports. 5.1.2 Add waterto the levelof one-fifthof the height of the tiles.Addadditional quantities of waterat subsequent 24 h intervals so thata further one-fifth of the heightshall be immersed each 24 h with the fifth and final addition of wateraddsufficient to immerse thetilesundera 50 mm headof water. Afterthe fifthday allowthe tiles to remain under water for a further period of 2 days so that they shall be fully immersed for 3 days. 5.1.3 Preparechamois leatherby wetting and wringing out by hand. Place the chamois leather on a flat surface and lightly dry each side ofeach tile in tum. Dab relief surface with chamois leather. 5.1.4 Weigh each tile immediatelyafter this procedure. test specimen. 3.3 Container, for impregnation by capillarity or immersion with stable horizontal supports. 3.4 Apparatus for impregnation with water after evacuation by means of a vacuum pump capable of lowering than air pressure by 40 ± 2.6 kPa in a tank containing ti les. 3.5 A freezercapableof freezing at leastten tileshaving a minimum total area of 0.25 m2 supported in such a mannerthat the tiles shall be separated.The freezershall be capable of reducing the temperature to -15 ± 3°C in 2 h, if the freezer is automated it shall comply with the freeze-thaw cyclingconditions. Thetemperature shall be as uniform as possible in the freezer and it shall have air circulation (measured in the empty freezer) with a maximumair velocity of 4 m/s, 3.6 Chamois Leather 3.7 Demineralized water, if water hardness less than 400 mg/l CaC0 3+MgC03 (or equivalent hard water salts) at 15° to 25°C is not available. 4 TEST SPECIMENS 4.1 Sample 5.J.5 Record the wet mass of each tile (M2) . 5.2 Water Impreanation at Atmospheric Pressure for Tiles with Water Absorption S 6 Percent 5.2.1 Place the tiles vertically in the container with no contact betweenthem and no contact with the container so that one lone Bide shall be standing on the supports. Add water so as to completely immerse the tiles and allow to stand for 24 h. 5.2.2 Lightly dry the surface of each tile with damp chamois leather using procedure given in 5.1. Weigh A minimum area of0.25 m2 and not less than 10whole tiles shall be used. The tiles shall be free from dust. 24 IS 13630 (part 10) : 2006 each tile. Repeat this procedure of natural immersion for furtherperiods of24 h each until the change in mal betweentwo successive weighingshall be less than 0.1 percent of total mass. There shan be a minimum time of imme~ion of 3 days. M. ::& M2 =-: dry mass of each tile, and wet mass of each tile. 6 PROCEDURE 5.2.3 Record the wet mass of each tile (M2) . 5.3 Water Imp ....n.tioD by EvaeuatloD for Til. with Water Absorption> 6 Percent 5.3.1 Place the tiles vertically in the dry vacuum tank with no contact between them and no contact with the vacuum tank. Connect to the vacuum pump and evacuate to a pressure of 40 ± 2.6 kPa below atmospheric pressure and maintain the pressure for 30 min. bring the water into the tank containing the tiles whilstmaintainingthis pressure and cover the tiles by at least SO mm head of water. This operation shall take 30 min maintain the evacuation at the same pressure for a further 30 min and then restore atmospheric pressure. Leave the tiles under water for I h before removing them. 5.3.2 Lightly dry the surface of each tile with damp chamois leather using the procedure given in 5.1. 5.3.3 Record the wet mass of each tile. . 6.1 Select the appropriate impregnation method. The referencemethod to be used for arbitration shall bethe method of progressive water impregnation by capillarity. 6.2 Select one ofthe thickest tiles that are under test. It shallbe one considered to have repressive properties of that test sample. Drill a 3 mm diameter hole from the centre of one edge to a maximum distance of 40 mm from the edge of the tile. Insert thermocouple or other suitable measuring device and seal the hole with a tiny piece of thermally insulating material (for example, extended polystyrene). If it is not possible to drill a hole in this way, place a thermocouple on the center of each face of a tile and adhere a second tile over this. 6.3 Place all the tiles under test in the freezer in such way that there is air space between each one and air flowover all surfaces. Place the tile with thermocouple in the middle of the test samples. The temperature of the thermocouple defines the temperature of the entire tile under test. Only in the case of repeated tests with similar test specimens can this be omitted and then occasional check shall be made with a thermocouple in a tile. When there is no temperature reference tile the air temperature shall be measured.All temperature measurements shall be accurate to ± O.5°C. Ideally testing shall then be proceeded by automated freezethawcycling. Whetherautomatedor not thetemperature time relationship shall be within the range defined in Fig. 1. 8h 5.4 Calculation of Water Content The watercontent expressed as a percentage (by mass) is determined from: We. = (M 2 -M,) x 100 M. where We, = water content by mass (percent), 18 3h4Omln r-I I I I I ·12 ·15 ·18 FIG. 1h40mln 1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TEMPERATURE CURVE 25 IS 13630 (Part 10) : 2006 The freezer can be controlled by means of the air temperature but Fig. 1 refers to the temperature in the tiles under test. The ideal freeze-thaw cycle in the tile is indicated by dotted line and actual freeze-thaw cycle 6.5 Examine the glazed or proper surfaces and the edges of the tiles by the naked eye, with the aid of spectacleifusually worn,after SO cycles.Theymay be examined at the intermediate stages to expedite the shall be within the zone delineated by the two other line. The cycle shall be completedafter 6 h. 6.4 Immerse the tiles in water at + 15 ± 3°C drain the water before reaching SoC. The temperature shall be reduced to -15 :I: 3°e in 2h:l: 20 min from 7 TEST REPORT commencement of thecycling. Adequate provision shall The test report shall contain the following: be madeto preventevaporationofwaterduring cooling if the wateris drained at a temperature above SOC keep a) Identification ofthe tile; thetilesat 1S :l:: 3°e for 2h ± 20 minand then introduce b) Number of tiles in the test sample; water at + I S ::i:: 3°e and maintain this for 2h ± 20 min c) Method used to impregnate the tiles with repeat the cycling procedure SO times, as shown in water; Fig.2 weigh the tiles after test (M3 ) and then dry them . to constant mass(M4 ) . The fmal wate:- content expressed d) Water contentobtainedbeforethe freeze-thaw as a percentage (by mass) is determined from: test; e) Water content obtained after the freeze-thaw rv _(MJ - M4 ) 100 "c2 X test; M4 f) Description of defects before the test and all where damageon the glazed or proper surfaces and WC2 = finalwater content by mass (percent), the edgesof the tiles afterthe freeze-thaw test; M] = wet mass of each tile after the test, and and M4 = dry mass of each tile after the test. g) Numberof damagedtiles after SO cycles. reportingif there is a reason to believethat they might sustain damage relatively early in the test. Record all damage that is observed on the glazed or proper surfacesand the edges of the tiles. REPEATED TOA TOTAL OF50 CYCLES FIG. 2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE FREEZE-THAW CYCLES 26 IS 13630 (P.rt II) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, .. SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 11 DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE OF SURFACE ABRASION . GLAZED TILES (First Revision) 1 SCOPE This standard (Part 11) covers methods of test for determining the resistance to surface abrasion of all glazed ceramic tiles used for floor covering. revolutions per minute with an eccentricity (e) of 22.5 mm so that every part of each test specimen describes a circular motion of diameter 45 mm. The test specimens are held down with the aid of metal holders which are provided with rubber seals (see Fig. 2). The internal diameter ofthe holders is 83 mm, thus providing a test area of about S4 cm 2· The thickness of the rubber is 9 mm and the height of the space under the holder is 25.5 mm. 5.1.1 The apparatus switches otT automatically after completion of a preset number of revolutions. 2 REFERENCE The standard listed below is necessary adjunct to this standard: IS No. 11643 : 1985 nIle Specification for silicon carbide for bonded abrasive products 3 PRINCIPLE S.1.2 The supporting plate with holders and test specimens shall be covered during operation. Determination of the abrasion resistance of the glaze of tiles by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and assessment of the wear by means of visual comparison ofabraded test specimens and non-abraded tiles. 4 ABRASIVE LOADS The total load on each test specimen consists of: a) 70.0 g of S mm diameter steel balls, b) 52.5 g of3 mm diameter steel balls, c) 43.75 g of2 mm diameter steel balls, d) 8.75 g ofmm diameter steel balls, e) 3.0 g white fused aluminum oxide conforming to the grain size requirement of Grit No. 80 of Table I of IS 11643, and t) 20 ml of de-ionized or distilled water. 5.1.3 A suitable apparatus ofanother description may be used, provided that the results comply with the results from the apparatus described above. 5.2 Apparatus for Visual Assessment - The apparatus consists of a viewing box equipped with fluorescent lighting of colour temperature 6 000 K to 6 500 K placed vertically above the surface to be observed providing 300 lux illuminance. The dimensions ofthe box shall be 61 em )(61 cm x 61 em and the inner faces shall be painted a neutral grey. Tight source is screened to avoid direct viewing. 5.3 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 110 ± SoC. 5.4 Balanee, if mass loss is required. 6 TEST SPECIMENS 6.1 Types or Test Specimens S APPARATUS S.1 Abrasion Apparatus - The abrasion apparatus consists of a steel case with an inbuilt electrical drive connected to a horizontal supporting plate ofdiameter 580 mm with positions for test specimens .of dimensions at least 100 mm x 100 mm (see Fig. I). The distance between the centre of the supporting plate and the centre ofeach position shall be 195 mm. There shall be equal distances between each adjacent position. The supporting plate rotates at 300 6.1.1 Test specimens shall be representative of the sample; where tiles have different colour or decorative effects in parts of the surface, care should be taken to include all distinctive parts. 6.1.2 The usual facial dimensions of test specimens are 100 mm x 100 nun. Test specimens with smaller facial dimensions shall be fastened close together on a suitable supporting material. Edge effects at the narrow joints shall be ignored. 27 IS 13630 (Part 11): 2_ 1. A All dilllCllSiona in millimetres. FIG. 1 ApPARATUS WITH POSITIONS FOR EIGHT SPECIMEN HOLDERS .....- - - - - - . ~83 ----------l... -......-2.5 .....- - - - - - - - - ~'01 - - - - - - - -.... All dimensions in millimctres. FIG. 2 SPECIMEN HOLDER 6.2 Number of Test Speeimens 6.2.1 Eleven test specimens are required. In addition, eight test specimens are required for the visual assessment. 6.2.2 The procedure requires one test specimen for necessary occasionally orwhen there is doubt regarding the validity of the results. One possible calibration method is given in the Annex A. 7.2 Clamp a metal holder on to the glazed surface of eachtestspecimen on the abrasion apparatus. Introduce the abrasive load into the holderthrough a hole in its upper surface. The holemaythen be sealed to prevent lossfrom theabrasive load. Thenumber of revolutions of the presetcounter required for eachabrasion stage of the test is 100, ISO, 600, 7S0, I sao, 2 100, 6 000 and 12 000. Remove one test specimen after each abrasion stage and continue the test until failure is observed. each stageof abrasion andsubsequently, an additional three test specimens to check the result at the visual failure point. 6.3 Preparation The glazed swface of the test specimen shall be clean and dry. 7 PROCEDURE 7.1 Calibration of the abrasion apparatus is only 7.3 After abrasion, rinse the test specimens under running water and dry in the oven at 110:t: Soc. If the 28 IS 13630 (Part 11) : 2006 test specimens are stained with iron oxide, completely remove thestainwith10percent(v/v) hydrochloric acid. Immediately rinse underthe running water and dry. 7.4 For the visual comparison, surround an abraded test specJlmen by unabraded tiles of exactly the same , type in an apparatus for visual assessment under an illumination of 300 lux. View with the naked eye (or with the aid of spectacles, if usually worn) from a distance of2 m and a heightof 1.65 m. Notethenumber of revolutions at whichany change in the area that has beensubjected to abrasioncan be readily distinguished. The consensus of at least three observers is required. for instance change of colour or gloss. The additional information, whichis obtained by agreement, shallnot be used to classify tiles. 8 CLASSIFICATION OF RESULTS The test specimens are classifiedaccordingto Table I. In order to be classified as Class S, the tile must also pass the test specified in IS 13630 (Part 8) test for resistance to stains on the abraded area. If there is no visual failure after 12 000 revolutions but if stains cannot be removed by any standard procedure the tile shall be Class 4. Table I Classlfieatlon of Glazed Ceramic Tiles 81 No. (1) i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) 7.5 The result is checked by retesting at the abrasion stage when failure is observed and at the next higher and lowerabrasionstages. If the result is not the same, the lower of the two abrasion stages shall be used to decide the classification. 7.6 Then test the abraded area of the tile which has passed 12000 revolutionsstage for stain resistance in accordance with IS 13630 (Part 8). 7.7 After use, the steel balls should be cleaned with water followed by methylated spirits and then thoroughly dried to prevent rusting, Before each test, screenthesteel balls in the abrasiveload intospecified size categories and replace any mass in each size categories. 7.8 If there is an agreementto determine the masslost Abrasion Stale; Failure Visible at Revolutions (2) Cia·· (3) 100 ISO 600 7S0, I SOO 2 100,6000, 12000 o I 2 3 4 > 12000 1) S ') Must pass the test specified in IS 13630 (Part 8). 9 TEST REPORT The test report shall contain the following: a) b) c) d) e) t) from a surface dwing abrasion testing, this shall be obtained by measuring the dry mass of three test specimens before the test and after 6 000 revolutions. Uponagreement subsequently test abradedtiles which have passed 1 500, 2 100and 6 000 revolutions stages forstainresistance in accordance withIS 13630 (Part 8) at the abrasion stage at which visual failure occurred. Other relevant properties may be determined by agreement during the execution of the test procedures Description of the tiles; Preparation of test specimens; Test method; Classification according to 8; Abrasion stage at which visual failure occurred;and Mass loss, colour change, gloss change of other propertiesmeasured by agreement. ANNEXA (Clause 7.1) CALIBRATION OF THE ABRASION APPARATUS USING FLOAT GLASS A-I REFRENCE MATERIAL The reference material shall be float glass with a minimum thicknessof6 mm. A-l IDENTIFICATION OF THE FLOAT BATH SURFACE OF THE GLASS side,this has first to be identified. Oneof the following methods can be used. A-l.I Chemleal Method A-l.I.1 Reagents As the calibration test is carried out on the float bath 29 A-2.t.l.l Etching solutions - Thoroughly mix 10 volumes of concentrated hydrochloric acid, 10volumes IS 13630 (Part tt) : 2006 of distilled water and 8 volumes of hydrofluoric acid [40 percent (vlv)]. A-2.1.1.2 Cacotheline solution - 0.10 percent (v/v> cacotheline in distilled water. abraded on the float bath side using the abrasive load given in 4.1 of the main text. A-3.t Mass Loss A-2.1.2 Method Place 2 or 3 drops of the etching solution on the glass surface followed by I or 2 drops of the cacotheline solution. In S to lOs purple colour will be seen on the float bath side; otherwisethe solution will remain yellow. A-2.2 UV Method Drythe test specimensin the dryingoven at 110 ± SoC andmeasure the massof the each.Abradethe specimens for 6 000 revolutions. Rinse and then dry the test specimens again at 110:1: SoC and determine the loss in mass ofeach specimenand calculate the mean loss. Measurethe abraded area of each specimen. The abrasionapparatus is satisfactory, if the mean loss in mass is 0.032 ± 0.002 mglmm2 ofthe abraded area. A-3.2 Gloss Change View the glass surfacein a darkroomwhenilluminated by ultraviolet light as shown in Fig. 3. The float bath side exhibits a slight fluorescence. NOTE - Ultr:aviolet light in the region 254 nm to 365 nm will damage the eyes and suitable protective UV - filter goggles mustbcwom. A-2.3 Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDA) Method Measure the 60° specular gloss on the float bath side at the centre of each test specimen backed by a matt black surface (for example, black velvet). Abrade the specimenfor I 000 revolutions. Rinse and then dry the specimens and remeasure the 60° specular gloss. Calculate the percentage lossin glossforeachspecimen and the mean loss in gloss. The abrasion apparatus is satisfactory, if the mean loss in gloss atthecentreoftheabraded areais50 ± Spercent. If anydifficulty is experienced in obtainingstableinitial gloss values, the glass may first be cleaned by immersion in water containinga trace of detergent for at least 1 h at 7S ± SoC followedby rinsing with warm water. Examine theglasssurfacebyenergydispersive analysis. The float bath side is identified by its tin content. A-3 PROCEDURE Calibration of the abrasionapparatus maybe perfonned by measuringeither the loss in mass (see A-3.1) or the change in gloss (see A-3.l). Eight float glass test specimens measuring 100 mm x 100 mm shall be LAMP WITH UV FILfER GIVINGA PEAK OUTPUTIN THE REGION 254 mm TO 365 rrm o UV RADIATION IN THISREGION WILL DAMAGE THE EYESANDSUITABLE PROTECTIVE UV FLTER GOGGLES MUSTBE WORN FIG. 3 UV METHOD 30 IS 13630 (part 12) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES METHODS OF TEST, · SAMPLING AND BASIS FORACCEPTANCE PART 12 DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE TO DEEP ABRASIONUNGLAZED TILES ( First Revision) I SCOPE This standard (Part 12) covers a method of test for determining the resistance to deep abrasion of all unglazed ceramic tiles used for floor coverings. 2 REFERENCES ceramic tiles by measuring the length of the groove produced in the proper surface by means of a rotating discundergiven conditions andwiththeuseofabrasive material. 4 ABRASIVE MATERIAL White fused aluminum oxide conforming to the grain sizerequirement ofOrit No.80 of Table1of IS 11643. 5 APPARATUS 5.1 Abrasion Apparatus - It consistsessentially of a rotating disc, a storage hopper withdispensing device for the abrasive material; a test specimen supportand a counterweight (lee Fig. I). S.I.1 The disc is made of Fe 410-5 steel as specified The standards listed below are necessary adjuncts to this standard: IS No. 2062: 1999 11643 : 1985 ntle Steel for general purposes (fifth revision) Specification for silicon carbide for bonded abrasiveproducts 3 PRINCIPLE Detennination of the abrasion resistance of unglazed in IS 2062, with a diameter of 200 ~ 0.2 mm, and 5 1. Test Specimen Clamp 2. 3. 4. 5. FixingScrew Test Specimen Value Storage Hopper for Abrasive Material 6. Even-Flow Funnel 7. Steel Disc 8. Counterweight 8 FlO. 1 ABRASION ApPARATUS 31 IS 13630 (part 12) : 2006 thickness at the edge of 10 :J: 0.1 mm, and with a rate leut two places at right angleson its propersurface. of revolution of 7S rev/min. The pressure with which test specimens are held against the steel disc is . 7.3 If relief surfaces would interfere with the detennination oftheabruion resistance, theprojections determined by calibrating the apparatus apiDstAustrian may beground otfbut the resultsof the test will not be Standard Granite. The pressure is adjusted such that, the same u fortiles baving plane surfaces. after 300 revolutions a chord of 32 mm is produced. 5.1.2 When the diameterhu wornto 199mm,the steel disc shall be replaced. 8 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 5.2 A MeasurlDI Caule - Capable of measuring to 0.1 rnm. 6 TEST SPECIMENS 6.1 Types of Test SpeeimeDI 8.1 The resistance of deep abruion is expressed u the volume Vofmaterial removed, in cubic millimetres. This is calculated from the chord lengthIof the groove by means ofthe expression: V - (T. a/180}-sin a} h.d.2/8 Test shall be carried out using whole tiles or test specimens of suitable dimensions. Before testing, small specimens shallbefixedwith an adhesive on to a larger background, avoiding joints. where sina I --=2 d d - diameter ofthe rotating disc, in mm; h - thickness of the rotating disc, in mm; CI = angle (in degrees)subtended at the centre of therotating d~ by the chord (see Fig.2); and I -length of the chord, in mm. 6.2 Preparation Clean, dry test specimens shall be used. 6.3 Number 01 Test SpeelDleaa 8.2 Some equivalent values are given in Table 1. 9 TEST REPORT A minimum of fivetest specimens shall be tested. 7 PROCEDURE 7.1 Placea test specimen in the apparatusso that it is tangential againstthe rotatingdisc. Ensurethatthe feed of abrasivematerial into the grinding zone is unifonn at a rate of at least 100 g/IOO revolutions. The test reportshallcontainthe following: a) Description ofthe tiles; b) Chord length I of each grooye to the nearest O.Smm; 7.2 Rotatethe steel disc for 1SO revolutions. Remove the test specimen from the apparatus and measure the' chordlengthof the groove by meansof the measuring gauge to the nearest O.S mm. Testeach specimen in at c) Volume Y in cubic millimetre. for each individual groove; and d) Average volume V., in mm', FlO. 2 DSPlNlnON OF CHORD 32 IS 13630 (Part 12) : 2006 Table I Equl"aleDt Value (Clause 8.2) . mm 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 I mm ·s I mm 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 mm) 227 238 · I · mm' 540 561 582 603 626 649 672 696 720 746 741 798 824 852 880 909 938 968 999 I ., mm' 1062 I mm 60.0 6O.S mm 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.5 42.0 42.5 43.0 43.5 44.0 44.5 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 mm 50.0 50.5 51.0 51.5 52.0 52.5 mm' 1851 1899 " 67.0 72.0 77.0 83.0 89.0 95.0 102.0 109.0 116.0 123.0 131.0 139.0 147.0 156.0 165.0 174.0 184.0 194.0 205.0 215.0 1094 I 128 I 162 I 196 1232 1268 1305 1342 1380 1419 1459 1499 1 541 1 583 1625 1669 1 713 1 758 250 262 275 288 302 316 330 345 361 376 393 409 427 444 462 481 500 520 61.0 61.5 1947 1996 62.0 62.5 63.0 63.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 65.5 66.0 56.5 67.0 67.5 68.0 2046 2097 2149 2202 2256 2310 2365 2432 2479 2537 2595 2636 2717 2779 2842 2906 53.0 53.5 54.0 54.5 55.0 25.S 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 55.S 56.0 56.5 57.0 57.5 58.0 58.5 59.0 68.5 69.0 69.5 1030 59.S 1804 33 IS 13630 (Part 13) : 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 13 DETERMINATION OF SCRATCH HARDNESS OF SURFACE ACCORDING TO MOHS ( First Revision) 1 SCOPE 5 PROCEDURE 5.1 Placethe tile undertest on a firm support with the glazed or proper surface uppermost. 5.2 Draw overthesurface to be tested, by hand, a sharp freshly brokenedge of the reference mineral applying a uniform effortsuchthat at the end of the test, its edge This standard (Part 13) covers a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the swface of all ceramic tiles. 2 PRINCIPLE Determination of the scratch hardnesson Mohs' scale by drawing minerals ofdefmedhardness by handover the surface. 3 TEST MATERIALS or the tile surface is intact. 5.3 Repeat this procedure four times with a sharp freshly brokenedge of the referencemineral. 5.4 Repeat the procedure for each tile with each mineral that is necessary to obtain a result. S.5 Examine the tiles for scratchesby nakedeye, with the aid ofspectacles, if usually worn. 5.6 For each tile note the mineral of highest Mohs' Material Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorspar Apatite Felspar Quartz Mom' Hardness I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 hardness that produceno more than one scratch 5.7 Inthecaseof tileshavingvariable scratch hardness note the lowestMohs' hardness. 6 TEST REPORT Topaz Corundum Diamond 4 TEST SPECIMENS The test report shall contain the following: A minimum of three tiles shall be tested. a) Description ofthe tiles; and b) Mohs' hardness of each test specimen. 34 IS 13630 (Part 14): 2006 Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 14 DETERMINATION OF IMPACT RESISTANCE BY MEASUREMENT OF COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION 1 SCOPE _'itandard (Part 14) defines a method of test for determining the impact resistance of ceramic tiles by measuring the coefficientofrestitution. 1.1 Definition 4.3 Concrete Bloeks 4 3 ~ Thedenseconcrete blocks shall be ofapproximate dimensions 7S rnm x 75 nun x SO rnm and prepared in moulds of this size or alternatively cut from large concrete slabs. For the purpose of this standard the coefficient of restitution (e) betweentwo impactingbodiesis defined as the relative velocity of departure divided by the relativevelocityof approach. 2 PRINCIPLE 4.3.2 The following methoddescribesthe preparation of dense concrete blocks made from gravel/sand, but otheraggregates maybe used and thenthesurface water absorption test may not be appropriate. 4.3.3 Concreteblockor sla~s may be madeby adding one part by massof Portlandcementto 4.5 to 5.5 parts by mass of aggregate. The aggregate shall be gravel sand of 0 to 8 mm particle size with a continuous gradingcurvebetweenthe limits A and B in Fig. 2. The total fines of particle size, below 0.125 mm in the mix of concrete, including Portlandcement, shouldbe about '. 4.3.4 The water/cement ratio shall be 0.5. Thoroughly 500 kg/m Determination of coefficientofrestitutionby dropping a steel ball from a fixed height on to the test specimen and measuring the height of rebound. 3 APPARATUS 3.1 Chrome Steel Ball, of 19 ~ 0.05 mm diameter. 3.2 Ball-Release Apparatus (see Fig. 1)- Consisting of a heavysteelbase on levellingscrewswitha vertical steelbarto whichis attachedan electromagnet, a guide tube and test until support. The test unit is clamped firmly in a positionso that the dropping steel ball impinges on the centre of the horizontal tile surface. A clamping device is shownin Fig. 1 but any suitable system may be used 3.3 Electronic Timing Device, which,by meansof a mix the constituents in a mechanical mixerand trowel into moulds of the required size. Compact for 90 s at SO Hz on a vibratingtable. 4.3.5 Condition the slabs for 48 h at 23 :t: 2°C and SO :t: 5 percentrelativehumidity beforeremoving them from the moulds. Thoroughly rinse off any mould releaseagent.Throughoutthe remaining conditioning, the slabsshall be held verticallyleavinggaps between them. Immerse in water at'20 :i: 2°C for 6 days,then in air at 23 ± 2°C and SO % S percentrelativehumidity for 21 days. The assembly face of the concreteshall have an absorption of surfacewater after 4 h in the rangeof 0.5 em' to 1.5 em! when three specimens are tested in accordance with the method shown in Annex A and Fig. 3. 4.3.6 Blockssubsequently cut from concreteslabs by wet methods require a minimum of 24 h drying at 23 ± 2°C and SO ± 5 percent relative humidity before assembly in test units. 4.4 Epoxide Resin Adhesive microphone, measures the time interval between the firstand secondimpactswhenthe ball is droppedon to the test specimen. This apparatus is optional. 4 PREPARATION FOR THE ABOVE TEST 4.1 Number of Test Specimens A minimum of five pieces in dimensions 75 mm x 75 mm cut from fivetiles. Tileswith facialdimensions lessthan 75 mmmay be used. 4.1 Brief Description of Test Units The test unitsconsistof test specimens fixedto mature concrete blocks by means of rigid epoxide resin adhesive. The adhesive shall not contain ingredients which increase flexibility. A suitable adhesive consist of 3S IS 13630 (part 14) : 2006 ELECTRO r------ MAGNET c;=:::1 STEEL BALL GUIDE TUBE 1m I ~. DETECTOR A TIMING EQUIPMENT LEVELLING SCREW EPOXIDE RESIN ADHESIVE TILE SCREW/CLAMP ASSEMBLY CONCRETE BLOCK DETAIL AT A Flo. 1 BALL RELEASE ApPARATUS 36 IS 13630 (Part 14) : 1006 100 i 90 80 ~ I 0 ~ 70 60 50 ~ gf ~ w 40 30 z ~ 20 10 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 NOMINAL APERTURE SIZE (nvn) FIG. 2 GRADING CURVES FOR GRAVEL SAND OF 8 mm MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE 2100 8'0 1100 o 1 2 142 3 4 3010 AREA 707mm 2 4100 All dimensions in millimetres. = Flo. 3 ApPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE SURFACE WATER ABSORPTION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS OR SLABS 37 IS 13630 (Part 14) : 2006 2 parts by mass ofan epoxide resin which is a reaction product ofepichlorhydrin and diphenylol propane and one part by mass ofa curing agent which isan activated aromatic amine. Pure silica filler of average particle size S.S mm, measured by the Coulter Counter or other similar methods, is thoroughly mixed with the other constituents in just sufficient proportion to fonn a mixturethat does not flow. 4.5 Assembly of Test Units 4.5.1 Spread about 2 mm thickness of epoxide resin adhesive over the upper surface of a mature concrete block in a uniform layer. Place three 1.5 nun diameter steel or plastics spacer pegs in the middle of three. of the sides so that a sufficient amount of each peg projects to allow it to be removed later. Press a test specimen, with the proper face upwards, into the adhesive and scrape off excess adhesive from the sides before gently removing the three spacer pegs. Allow to stand in a temperature of 23 ± 2°C and at 50 ± S percent relative humidity for 3 days prior to testing. be ignored. Edge chipping of swface relief should be be ignored in classifying tiles. noted but may S.6 Repeat the whole procedure for the other test units. 6 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS For a ball impacting a horizontal static surface the coefficient of restitution v e=u where v =- velocity ofdeparture (rebound), and u - velocity of approach. If, h; =height of drop, in em; and h2 = height of rebound, in cm. Then, v2 = 2 gh2 and u2 = 2 gh I Hence 4.5.2 If tiles of less than 7S mm x 7S mm facial dimensions are to be tested place one tile so that its centre coincides with the center of the surface of the block. Use cut piece of the tile to complete the 7S mm x 75 mm area. 5 PROCEDURE e2 =~ If the height ofrebound is determined by allowingthe ball to bounce twice and measuring the time interval between bounces the equation of motion is: S '" = ul + ~ ail 5.1 Adjust the ball-release apparatus by means of the leveling screws so that steel bar is vertical. Place the test unit under the electromagnet so that a steel ball-' releasedfromthe electromagnetwill fall onto the centre of a test unit clamped in position. 5.2 Place a test unit in the support with the proper face of the test specimen upwards and horizontal. Release the steel ball from a height of 1 m above the proper face of the test unit and allow it to bounce. Measure the height of rebound by a suitable detector and calculate the coefficient of restitution (e). S.3 Alternatively allow the ball to bounce twice, note where s = height of rebound, in em; u = velocity at peak rebound height; = zero; a = acceleration due to gravity; =g (= 981 em/52) ; and 1 = T/2, where T= time interval, in s. Hence s = 122.6 (12) = h2· 7 CALIBRATION the time between bounces to the nearest millisecond and calculate the height of rebound and hence the coefficient of restitution. 5.4 Any suitable means of measuring the height of rebound or the time interval between the two impacts may be used. 5.5 Examine the surface of the tile for signs of indentation or cracking. All minor Hertzian cracks which cannot be seen from a distance of 1 m with the naked eye or with spectacles if usually worn, should Assemble five test units (see 4.5) using 8 ± 0..5 nun thick unglazed Bla tiles (water absorption S 0.08) with plane swfaces. Test in accordance with S.The average height of rebound (h2) shall be 72.S :i: 1.5 em so that coefficient of restitution is 0.85 ± 0.01. 8 REQUIREMENT FOR PASSING The normal requirement for light duty installationsis a coefficient of restitution of 0.5.5 and for heavier duty applications; minimumcoefficientofrestitutionof0.90 is required 38 IS 13630 (Part 14) : 2006 9 TEST REPORT a) Referenceto the Indian Standard, b) De~~ption of the tiles, c) Coefficient of restitution of each of the five test specimens, d) Average coefficientof restitution, and e) Any indentation or cracking of testspecimens. ANNEX A (Clause 4.3.5) DETERMINATION OF THE WATER ABSORPTION AT THE SURFACE OF CONCRETE BLOCKS OR SLABS A-I PROCEDURE A-I.I Attach a graduated glasscylinder (see Fig.3) tothe concrete swface by means of a suitable sealant around theperimeter of the base.Allowthe sealant to cure. A-l.2 Fill the graduatedcylinderto the zero markwith de-ionized or distilled water. A-l.3 Record the water level after 1, 2, 3 and 4 h and obtain a curve ofsurface water absorption versus time. A-I.4 Test the surface in 3 specimen and obtain an average surfacewater absorptionafter 4 h. 39 IS 13630 (Part 15) : 2006 (Super.edlng IS 13711 : 1893) Indian Standard CERAMIC TILES - METHODS OF TEST, SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE PART 15 CERAMIC TILES - SAMPLING AND BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE 1 SCOPE This standard (Part 15) defines rules for batching, sampling, inspection and acceptance/rejection. It applies to unfixed ceramic tiles that have been stored under cover. 2 REFERENCES The Indian Standards listed below are necessary adjuncts to this standard: [SNo. for inspection manufactured under conditions and with properties that are presumed uniform. 4.5 Sample - A specified number oftiles taken from an inspection lot. 4.6 Sample Size for each property. The number of tiles to be tested tu« 4.7 Requirement - A required characteristic as specified for the property in the product standard concerned. 4.8 Non-conforming Unit - A tile that does not met the requirement for the property concerned. Sampling inspection tables: 2500 (Part I): 1992 Inspection by attributes and by count of defects (second revision) (Part 2) : 1965 Inspection by variables for percent defective 13712 1) Ceramic tiles Definitions, classifications, characteristics and marking 5 CONSTITUTION OF INSPECTION LOT An inspection lot may consist of one or more homogeneous consignments or homogeneous subconsignments. Any consignment, which is not homogeneous, shall be divided into sub consignments, which are assumed to be homogeneous and then may constitute inspection lots. If the non-homogeneity is not relevant to the properties to be tested, then by agreement between the supplier and the consumer, the consignment can be treated as homogeneous. NOTE - For example, a consignment can be homogeneous with regard to dimensionsand water absorption of nominally the samebodywith differentglazesand non-homogeneous with regardto surfacequality. Alsoaccessories, which differ only in shapefromthe remainingtiles in the samplemay be considered homogenous with respectto other properties. 3 PRINCIPLE This standard provides for a sampling inspection system with a double sampling plan, partly for the method of inspection by attributes (individual values) and partly for a method of inspection by average values (variables). The number of tiles to be tested varies for each property (see Table 1). 4 DEFINITIONS 4.1 Order - A quantity of tiles ordered at one time. An order may consist of one or more consignments. 4.2 Consignment - A quantity of tiles delivered during a period of two days. 4.3 Homogeneous (Sub) Consignment - A (sub) consignment that consists" of tiles from one manufacturer under conditions and with properties that are presumed uniform. 4.4 Inspection Lot A quantity of tiles submitted 6 EXTENT OF THE INSPECTION The choice of properties to be considered for inspection shall be subject to agreement between the supplier and the consumer and may depend on the size ofthe inspection lot. While all the tests in relation to the technical specification are required to be performed, Table 2 may be used as a guideline to claSsifythe relative importance ofeach property in relation to the application. NOTE- In principle a complete range of tests shall only be executed for inspection lots of more than S 000 m2 of tiles. Testinais usuallynot consideredto be necessary for inspection lots of less than I 000 mZ of tiles. The number of inspection lots to bedrawn fortestingshallbesubjectto agreement between the parties concerned. I) Under finalization. 40 Table 1 Sampling of Ceramic Tiles (Clauses 3 and 7.3) laspectioa by Atri_le, If Required IUpectioD by Ave.... V.... UReqllired Properties S._pJeSize Tat Medlod Initial Sample Initial Sample Initial + SecondSamples Acceptance Initial + Second Samples Acceptance numberAc} · per IS 13631 Initial Number Number Ac, (4) (3) Second Number Rejection numberRe, Rejection numberRc2 (7) (8) -Acceptable if Second sample Acceptable Rejection to be drawn if justified if if (9) (10) (11) (1) (2) (5) (6) (12) Dimension') 10 2 4 10 0 2 1 - Part I SurfacequalitY) 30 3 3 4 30 40 40 - - Part I SO 5 SO 60 - - - 60 I J 2 2 4 5 5 6 7 5 6 7 70 2 70 6 7 80 80 3 8 9 10 - - - 8 9 90/0 ~ 90 100 90 100 1m2 XI > XI < XI - - 1m2 4 4 4% 5% 8 9 10 11 >5% LS) %1 >L xJ U Water absorption)) S~) 5~) 1 10 10 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 ) 2 2 2 2 1I) >L %.L x.>U Modulus of rupture) 10 0 0 . 77) 77) %I 0.04 m · In the case of tiles weighing < SO g a sufficient numbershall be taken so as to form five test specimens,each weighing between SO g ..d 100g. S) L = lower specification limit 6) U = upper specification limit. 7) Only for tiles with lengths 2: 48 mm. ·)Numberof measurements. 9, Numberof test specimens. 10) Per test solution. lit There is no double sampling test procedure for these properties. IS 13630 (part 15) : 1006 7 SAMPLING 7.1 The place where samplings shall take place shall be subjected to agreement between the supplier and the consum,r~ 7.2 One or two representatives ofeach party concerned may be present at the time the sample is taken. 7.2.1 Sample shall be taken at random from the inspection lot. to or less than the acceptance number AC 2 indicated in col 6 of Table I, the inspection lot shall be considered acceptable. 9.1.6 If the total number of non conforming units is equal to or greater than the second rejection number Re2 indicated in col 7 ofTable I, justifies the rejection of the inspection lot. 7.2.2 Two samples shall be taken. It may not be necessary to test the second sample. Each sample shall be packed separately and shall be sealed and marked as agreed by the parties concerned. 9.1.7 When the relevant Indian Standard calls for more than one properties to be tested, the second sample taken (see 9.1.3) shall only be inspected in accordance with those tests which at the inspection ofinitial sample gave number of non-conforming units between the acceptance number Ac, and the rejection number Rei. 9.2 Inspection by Average Value 9.2.1 If the average value (Xl) of the test results of the initial samples meets the requirements, the inspection lot shall be considered acceptable. 9.2.2 If the average value (XI) does not meet the requirements, a second sample shall be drawn of the same size as the initial sample (see Table I col 10). 7.3 For each property the number of tiles to be tested is indicated as 'sample size' in Table 1. 8 INSPECTION 8.1 The extent of the tiles in the sample shall be executed according to the test methods specified in the relevant standard. 8.2 The test results shall be evaluated according to 9. 9 DETERMINATION OF ACCEPTABILITY OF 9.1.3 If the average value of the INSPECTION LOT 9.1 Inspection by Attributes 9.1.1 When the number ofnon-confonning units found in the initial sample is equal to or less than the acceptance number Ac., indicated in col 4 of Table I, the inspection lot from which the sample was drawn shall be considered acceptable. (X 2) test results of the combined initial and second samples meets the requirements, the inspection lot shall be considered acceptable (see Table 1, col 10). 9.2.4 If the average value (X 2) does not meet the requirements, this justifies rejection of the inspection lot. (see Table I, collI). 10 FIELD TEST Following tests which may be carried out in the field are: a) b) Dimensions; and Surface quality, etc. 9.1.1 When the number ofnon-confonning units found in the initial sample is equal to or greater than the rejection number ReI' indicated col S of Table 1, this justifies rejection ofthe inspection lot. 9.1.3 When the numberofnon-confonning units found in the initial sample lies between the acceptance number and the rejection number (see col 4 and col 5 of Table 1), a second sample ofthe same size as the initial sample shall be drawn and tested. 11 ACCEPTANCE REPORT Report with reference to this Indian Standard: a) b) c) d) Identification of the tiles; Sampling procedure; Constitution of the inspection lot; and Determination ofacceptability for each ofthe . properties tested. 9.1.4 The number of non-conforming units found in the initial and second sample shall be totaled. 9.1.5 If the number of non-conforming units is equal 43 IS 13630 (part IS) : 2006 Table 1 Guideline to Cla··lfy tbe Relative ImportaDee of Each Property In Relation to the Application (Clause 6) Ch....eterl.tfa Floon Interior Exterior (3) Wall. Interior (4) Extaior (5) T.II Reference to Part of IS 13630 (I) Dlmenlloa .nd Surl.ce Quality (2) (6) Lengthand width Thickness Straightnessofsides Rectangularity Surface flatness X X X X X X X X X 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 1 1 1 X X Surface quality Physical Properties Waterabsorption Modulusof ruptureand breaking strenlth Resistanceto deep abrasion (ul18lazed) Resistanceto abrasion (glazed) Linearthennal expansion X X X X X X X 2 X X X 6 12 11 X X X X X X X 4 Resistance to thennal shock Resistance to crazing-glazed Frost resistance Moistureexpansion Impact resistance Scratch hardness Chemical Properties X X X X X S 9 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 14 13 X Resistance to chemicals- glazed . Resistance to chemicals - unglazed X X X X X X X 8 7 X x- Required. 44 Bureau of Indian Standards BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau 0/ Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form withoutthe prior permission in writingof BIS.This does not preclude the free use, in the courseof implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS. Review of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latestamendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of 'BIS Catalogue' and 'Standards: Monthly Additions'. This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. CEO S(73S8 to 7372). Amendments Issued Since Publication Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Headquarters: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telephones: 2323 0131,2323 3375,2323 9402 website: www.bis.org.in Regional Offices: Telephones 2323 7617 { 2323 3841 2337 8499, 2337 8561 { 2337 8626, 2337 9120 260 3843 { 2609285 {22S4 1216, 2254 1442 Central Eastern : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg NEW DELHI 1) 0002 : )/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Kankurgachi KOLKATA 700054 Northern : SCQ 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDe, Marol, Andheri (East) MUMBAI 400093 22542519,22542315 {2832 929S, 2832 7858 2832 7891t 2832 7892 · Branches : AHMEDABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. VISAKHAPATNAM. Printed IC simco Pl'intinl Prell, beihl