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THE
NAUTILUS.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS.
VOL. XIII.
MAY, 1899, to APRIL, 19OO.
PHILADELPHIA :
Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.
144
THE NAUTILUS.
upper part of the basal whorl ; width of umbilicus about one-fifth greater diameter of shell.
Numerous dark microscopical lines extend from the peristome over the body whorl nearly perpendicular to the lines of growth.
Greatest diam. 17, least diam. 14, alt. 9 mm.
Locality, San Jacinto Mts., California.
A NEW N.-E. AUSTRALIAN AMNICOLOID.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The species described below wras received from Mr. D. Thaanum. It is evidently referable to the genus Petterdiella, the synonymy of which is as follows :
Ampullaria sp., Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1876, p. 117.
Amnicola sp. of various authors.
Brazicria Petterd, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1888, p. 76. Not Brazieria Ancey, 1887 (see Man. Conch. IX, p. 29).
Petterdiana Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 189G, p. 105.
PseudampuUaria Ancey, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille I, 1898, p. 14S.
All of the above names are based upon Ampullaria tasmanica Ten.- "Woods.
Petterdiana Thaanumi n. sp.
Shell small, globose, AmptiUaria-shaped, narrowly perforate ; light brown; smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire short. Whorls 4, quite convex, the last perceptibly flattened below the suture, globose, not angular at the periphery ; narrowly excavated around the perforation. Aperture oblique, roundly ovate, narrowly rounded above; outer lip simple; columella concave, wide and flattened; parietal callus short and rather heavy, though very much less thick than in P. tasmanica. Alt. 3.3, diam. 2.8 mm.
Near Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
This species differs from P. tasmanica in having the last whorl much less dilated towards the aperture, this difference being particu- larly noticeable when the shell is viewed in the line of the axis from above ; the aperture is consequently less ample, and the outline of the shell in a front view is more regular. There is also a fraction of a whorl more than in P. tasmanica, the columella is not so wide, and the callus across the parietal margin is comparatively thinner, while in P. tasmnnica the heavy columellar callus continues across the parietal wall.
This is the second species of the genus, and so far as I know the first to be recorded from Australia.
•
THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS.
VOL. XIV. MAY, 19OO, to APRIL, 19O1.
PHILADELPHIA : Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XIV.
INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Alasrnodonta uaarginata Say and A. truncata Wright . .143 Alexia mj'osotis marylandica Pils., n. var. . . . .40 Amnicola letsoni Walker, n. sp. . 113
Argyrotheca Dall. new name for Cistella Gray 1853, not of
Gistel 1848 . 44
Ariolimax steindachneri Babor, a new American slug . . 71 Ashmunella hyporhyssa, notes on (rufesoens and alba,
n. var.) ... 72
Asiatic shells, new species of . . 42, 83
Atrina oldroydii Dall., n. sp. . . 143
Bathysciadiurn conicum Dautz . . . 48, 60
Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki in New Mexico . . 83
Bifidaria hordeacella from Cape May, N. J. .74
Bonnanius Jouss. ... .93
Browne, Francis C. .132
Buliminus callistoderma Pils., n. sp. . . . 33
Buliminus callistoderma var. ogasawane Pils. n. var. . .128 Buliminus eucharistus Pils., n. sp. . 128
Buliminus extorris var. omiensis Pils., n. var. . . 32
Buliminus hirasei Pils., n. sp. . . 32
Buliminus luchuanus Pils., n. sp. . . 12'.'
Buliminus (Petroeus) pilsbryanus Ancey, a new Asiatic
species ... . . 4:;
Bulimulus (Drymaeus) inusitatus Fulton, n. sp. (Costa Rica) 87 California, exotic mollusks in . 114
Cape May, N. J., land shells of . .73
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Cerion stevensoni Dall., n. sp. (Bahamas) . .65
Cheilea Modeer 1793 in place of Mitrularia Sebum, 1817 . 45
Circinaria bempbilli in California . 72
Cistella Gray 1853 not Gistel "1848.=Argyrotheca Dall. 44
Clausilia euholostoma Pils., n. sp. . . 108
Clausilia hiraseana Pils., n. sp. . . . 108
Clausilia harimensis Pils'., n. sp. . ,. . . 10S
Clausilia hokkaidoensis Pils., n. sp. . . 108
Clausilia iotaptyx var. elava Pils., n. var. . . 108
Clausilia japonica var. interplicata Pils., n. var. . . . 108
Clausilia perpallida Pils., n. sp. . 108
Conus consors Sowb. .... .86
Cyclotus (?) micron Pils.,n. sp. . . . 115.
Diplommatina uzeneusis Pils., n. sp. . . . 88
Epiphra'gmophora fidelis in central California . . 144
Epiphragmophpra traski, aestivation of . . .13 Euconulus Reinhardt for Conulus Fitz, 1833 not of Raf.
1814 . 81
Euconulus reinbardti Pils., n. sp. . . 81
Eubadra (?) pseudocampyleea Alice}7, n.'sp. . 83
Eulota (Eubadra) caliginosa (Ad. and Rve.) . 91
Eulota callizona dixoni Pils., n. var. ... . 60
Eulotn callizona maritima Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var. . 88
Eulota (Plectotropis) elegantissima var. cara Pils., n. var. . 107
Eulota gainesi Pils., n. sp. ....... 60
Eulota giifleana Pils., n. sp. ... 60
Eulota gudeana hakodatensis Pils., n. n. for Helix laeta
Gould, pre-occupied . . .60
Eulota borrida Pils., n. sp. ..... .11
Eulota (Plectotropis) inornata Pils., n. sp. . . 129
Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis Pils., n. sp. . 79
Eulota lubuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick. n. var. . <S9
Eulota lubuana aomoriensis Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var. . .89
Eulota (Aegista) martensiana Pils., n. sp. . . 129
Eulota mesogonia Pils.. n. sp. . . ... 11
Eulota (Eubadra) mercatoria (Gray, Pfr.) . . 90
Eulota mercatoria atrata Pilsbry and Gulick, n. var. . . 91 Euryta A. Adams 1858 not of Gistel 1848.=Mazatlania
Dall. 44
THE NAtTILUS. V
Etirytus conturesi Ancey. • A new land shell from South America ........ .42
Ganesella jacobii Pils., n. sp. .... .12
Gane?ella myomphala var. omphalodes Pils., n. var. . .116 Ganesella wiegmanniana Pils., n. sp. .''.''. . llli
Gastranella tumida Yerr. at -Woods Holl, Mass. . .' . 93 Gastrauella tumida Terr., the young of Petricbla dactylus . 106 Gastrodonta intertexta volusiae Pils., n. var. (Florida) , 40 Gastrodonta walkeri Pils. .... .52
General Notes . . .8, 36, 47, 60, 71, 93, 118, 130
Giandina (Varicella) deflorescens-Vendryes, n. sp. '. 134
Glandina iheringi Pils., n. sp. .... .4
Giandina (Varicella) ta3'lori Vendryes, n. sp. . . 133
Glomus Jeffreys 1876 not of Gistel 1848. Pristigloma Dall. 44 Glyptostonia newberryanum W. G. B. (Aestivation) . . 14 Great raft, an hour on the .... .67
Great Smoky Mountains, Collecting in the . .49
Helicina hakodadiensis Hartman . . . . .128
Helicina reinii var. uzenensis Pils., n. var. . .128
Helicina osumiensis Pils., n. sp. ... .127
Helicina sundana Ancey, n. n. for H. exserta Martens not
ofGundlach . . 84
Helicina verecuncla Gould . . . . . . .128
Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pils., n. sp. (Texas) . 41
Helix albolabris, Growth of . 9
Helix feralis Hemphill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) ligs. 2 .121
Helix kelletti Fbs. . .136
Helix hortensis in Newfoundland ... .72
Helix sodalis Hernpbill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) figs. 3 . 122
Helix tryoni major Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123
Helix tryoui maculata Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123 Helix tryoni minor Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123
Holospira minima Martens, for H. pfeifler var. minor Mart., preoccupied . . . . . . . . .Us
Japanese Mollusks, Notices of some new 11, 32, 59, 79, 88, 107,
115, 127
Kaliella fraterna Pils., n. sp. . . 81
Kaliella symmetrica Pils., n. sp. ... .80
Kennebunkport, Maine, land Mollusca of . . 63
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Kentucky, Mollusca of southern. . 75
Lampsilis simpsoni Ferris, n. sp. (Arkansas) 38 Land shells from rejactamenta of the Rio Grande at Mesilla,
N. Mex. and of Gallinas R, at Las Vegas, N. Mex. . 9 Lassea rubra Montg. and L. bermudensis Bush, the same
species 106
Las Vegas, N. Mex., Shells of ... 47
Lima hamlini Dall, n. sp. (cretaceous, see page 36) . . 15
Limicolaria oviformis Ancey, A new Asiatic species . . 42
Limnaea mighelsi W. G. Binn. Note on the habits of . 8
Limpet, Note on a new abyssal ..... 48, 60
Los Angeles, Cal., Age of deposit underlying . . .36
Mazatlania Dall, proposed for Euryta A. Adams 1858 not
of Gistel 1848 .44
Mitrularia Schum, 1817 = Cheilea Modeer, 1793 . . 45
Mollusks in grass . 93
Murex petra Dall. A new Murex from California . 37
Naiades, a review of Simpson's Synopsis . . 130
Names which must be discarded (Dall.) . 44
New Mexican snails, new records of . . 82, 85
Odostomia, variation in .... . 126
Omphalina Isevigata latior Pils., n. var. . 56
Omphalina Itevigata perlaevis Pils., n. var 56
Pecten (Lyropecten) dilleri Dall, n. sp. (fossil) . . .117
Phenacolepas, catalogue of species of the genus . . 61
Philomycus secretus Cockerell, n. sp. . . . . 59
Phyllaphysia, a genus new to the Pacific Coast . . .91
Phyllaph^ysia taylori Dall., n. sp. . 92
Physae of Northeastern Illinois, a revision of the . 16
Phj^sa ancillaria var. magnalacustris Walker, n. var. . . 97
Physa ancillaria var. crassa Walker, n. var. . 98
Physa gyrina Say . . 19
Physa gyrina elliptica Lea . . .23
Physa heterostropha Say . . 17
Physa Integra Hald. . 23
Physa moussoni Ancey, n. sp. . .84
Physa sayii Tappan . 18
Pinna from California, a new . .143
Pisidia, some general notes on .5, 6
THE NAUTILUS. Vli
Pisidium irabecille Sterki, n. sp. . . . . 5
Pisidium monas Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .100
Pisidium peraltum Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . 5
Pisidinm streatori Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .100
Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki, n. sp. . . . .99
Planorbis corpulentus Say, supplementary note on .33
Planorbis persicus Ancey, n. sp. . . . . . .84
Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell, in New Mexico . . 10
Pleurobranchus californicus Ball., n. sp 92
Polygyra albolabris alleni ...... 27,28
Polygyra andrewsae altivaga Pils. . '. . . o4
Polygyra andrewsae normalis Pils. . . . . .54
binneyana 26,27,28
edwardsi magnifumosa Pils. . . . .55
Polygyra ferrissi 50,51,53
Potygyra hirsuta pilula Pils 55
Polygyra pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp., in search of . . .25 Polygyra stenotrema without a lip-notch . . . .135
Pomatiopsis hirasei Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .12
Pristogloma Dall. proposed for Glomus Jeffreysi 1876, not
of Gistel 1848 . 44
Publications received . . . .34, 45, 94, 104, 119, 130
Punctum blandianum Pils 58
Punctum japonicum Pils., n. sp. 8'2
Pyramidula elrodi Pils., n. sp . 40
Quintard, J. B . «
Rochester, N. Y., shell collecting near . . . .69 Saxidomus of the West Coast, notes on the distribution of
the !
Shell collecting on the Mosquito Coast . . . .94 Shells of the marl-deposits of Aroostook county, Maine. . 101 Sistrum nicocheanum Pils., n. sp. .3
Sphaerium crassum Sterki, n. sp. 140
Sphaerium walkeri Sterki, n. sp l-ll
Spiraculum assamense Fulton, n. sp. (Assam) . . .87 Subemarginula yatesi Dall, a new species from California . 125 Succinea campestris vagans Pils., n. var. . . . .74
To a slug (in alcohol) .36
Trishoplita cretacea var. bipartita Pils., n. var. . .107
viii THE NAUTILUS.
*
Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis Pils., n. var. . . 90 Trishoplita goodwini var. suprazonata Pils., n. var. . .80 Trishoplita smitliiana Pils., n.-sp. ..... 116
Trivia paucilirata Sowh. ....... 144
Truncatella clathrns Lowe at Key West, Fla. . . .130
Unionida; of Indiana (Review of Dr. -Call's work) . . 95 Vallonia pulchella . . . . . . . .13(1
Yallonia pulchella, in Los Angeles and elsewhere in Cali- fornia, etc. ......... 65
Vertigo hirasei Pils.. n. sp. ...... 128
Vitrea petrophila pentadelphia Pils. . . . . .57
Titrea rhoadsi Pils., Note on ...... 8
Vitrinizonites latissimus nvidermis Pils. . . . .57
West Coast conchologists, to . . . . . .10
West Coast conchology, a contribution to . . . I 09, 121
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aneey, C. F 42, 83
Baker, Frank C. . 1(1, 99, 93
Bruenn, H. H. . . ... 36
Button, Fred L. . 72
Clapp, Geo. H. . . . 63, 72, 130
Cockerell, T. D A. ' . . 45, 59, 72, 85
Dall, Win. H. 35, 37, 44, 48, 05, 91, 92, 117, 125, 143
Ferriss, J. H. . 25, 38, 49
Fluck, Win. H. . . . .94
Frierson, Lorrain S. . . ... 67
Fulton, Hugh . ... 87
Gifford, EdV W. . . 144
Hemphill, Henry .... . 109, 121
Keep, Josiah . . 10,114
Morrell, Jennie M. H. .9
Nylander, Olof 0. . . 101
Pi'lsbry, Henry A. 3, 4, 11, 32, 40, 59, 61, 73, 79, 82, 85, 88, 107,
115,127, 135 Price, Sadie F. . . . . . 75
Stearns, R. E. C. . . 1, 65
Sterki, V. . . 5, 99, 139
Yendryes. Henry . . . 133
Walker, Bryant' . . 8,33,97,113
Wheeler, Chas. Le Roy . 86, 143
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton . . . 13
Winkley, Henry W. ... 93, 126
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. MAY, 19OO. No. 1.
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF AND CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN THE SAXIDOMI OF THE WEST COAST.
BT ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.
Four species of Saxidomus have been described from the West coast of North America and one from Japan. On the American shores its distribution extends from the Gulf of Alaska to San Die^o
O "
a range of about 2500 miles. It is remarkably prolific, being found in great abundance in the waters of Puget Sound and in many places between the points above named.
The foregoing applies particularly to the two species S. aratus Gould (= S. gracilis Gld.), and S. Nuttallii Conrad. The other forms, S. squalidus Desh., and S. brevisiphoiidtus Cpr., may prove to be only varietal. With our present knowledge, the latter appear to be quite local, or of infrequent occurrence, apparently restricted to Vancouver Island and the shores around the Strait of Juan de Fuca, though Carpenter credits squalidus to Oregon and the neighborhood of San Francisco bay. S. Nuttallii appears to be more generally distributed and more abundant throughout the region named than S. aratus, though in one instance as many as a hundred bushels of the latter were included in a single consignment in 18G7 to a San Francisco commission merchant. Notwithstanding its superior qual- ity from an edible point of view, there was no sale for them ; it was not a familiar form and the greater part was dumped into the bay,
Z THE NAUTILUS.
These were obtained from some point on the shore of Soi.oma county in the neighborhood of Bodega, the exact locality unknown.
The Indians, Wintuns and Pomos, who formerly inhabited the general region bordering this part of the coast, collected and dried great quantities of the meats of this species, which formed an im- portant part of their food supply, and they also made their disk- shaped beads and money, hawock, out of the shells.
Harford's1 Alaska collection contained examples of »$'. Nuttallii, from Kodiak Island, Sitka, Carter's Bay, and Port Simpson. Ball's voluminous Alaskan notes when published will, probably, show that it is generally distributed throughout the Alaskan region. At San Pedro in the south, it occurs in gravelly mud and sand, associated with Tapes laciniata, a sharply sculptured species belonging to a genus that like Saxidomus is without a representative on the At- lantic; coast. S. Nuttallii is ordinarily a much coarser sculptured shell than S. drains, and as would be inferred when its wide distri- bution and great abundance are considered, varies greatly in propor- tion of length to breadth and both of these to thickness. The sculp- ture, varies according to the local character of the ground it inhabits.
There are other features worthy of notice ; among these the hinge cartilage, etc., and the adductors, the mechanism by which the valves are opened and closed, which is exceedingly conspicuous in Soxldo- mvs as compared with Tivela crassatelloides, as will be s en at a glance when individuals of the two forms, of the same size, are placed side by side.
Following Ball's analysis of the so-called cartilage,2 which he says "is not a cartilage, and which is frequently spoken of as 'ligament,' or ' internal ligament,' [there is] a great need of a distinctive name, and I propose that of ' resilium,' which clearly indicates its function ;" the term ligament being used for the upper or external portion or member, which operates by pulling, while the resilium or inner portion may be said to operate by causing a rebound when pressed, so resisting the closing of the valves when they are open ; thus these two parts or members act reciprocally, each assisting in its special way in opening the valves. The function of the adductor
1 Shells collected by the U. S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in the year 1867 ; Proc. Cal. Acad., Dec. 2, 1867.
?Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Vol. 3, Part III, March, 1895.
THE NAUTILUS. 3
muscles is, on the contrary, that of closing the valves, and the position of these as related to the position of the compound ligament facilitates exactness in the inter-locking of the hinge teeth. Now these organs or devices for opening and closing the shells are of exceeding promi- nence in S. Nuttallii, and the opportunity for examining a fine series has recently been afforded me, by the gift of a large number for culi- nary purposes,1 by Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd.
The adductors are exceedingly large for shells of the size and weight, and the ligament being in proportionate size to these muscles, makes this form particularly desirable for the study of these charac- ters. When alive and gaping, the least disturbance will be followed by an energetic closing of the shell, with a snap so vigorous as to cause a chipping or fracture of the vertical edges of the valves. The strength and tenacity of the grip, when the powerful adductors are brought into action, may be easily proven by the insertion of the finger-tips into a partially open shell.
The texture or substance of the shells in the Saxi'domi is less com- pact or solid than in Tivela crassatelloides, and the comparative weight of examples of the same dimensions is as 10 to 13 ; while the mass of the adductors and ligaments are fully twice as large in Snri- donuis as in Tivela, examples of the same size being compared.
The differences exhibited by these forms, both belonging to the Veneridtz, indicate differences in habits and environmental conditions, and no doubt others not readily perceived.
A NEW SPECIES OF SISTRUM.
BY HENRY A. PILSBHY.
Sislrum nicochsammi, n. sp.
Shell imperforate or rimate, fusiform, thick and strong, brownish flesh-colored, the spiral lira brown. Sculpture of strong, rounded, longitudinal waves equal to their intervals, 8 or 7 in number on the last whorl ; these waves crossed by rather strong spiral cords, which widen into transversely oblong low tubercles upon the summits of the waves. Between these cords there are. several spiral threads in most or all of the intervals. Whorls about 5^, convex, the last one with concave outlines below, produced in a rather long anterior
1 This "clam" makes an exceedingly delicious soup or broth.
4 THE NAUTILUS.
canal. Aperture oval, flesh-colored within ; peristome thick or beveled, armed with six subequal teeth within ; eolumellar margin angular at the origin of the anterior canal, bearing a single small transverse fold above the angle ; canal rather straight and long for this genus.
Length 21 JT, diam. 11, length of aperture and canal 12 mm.
Nicochea, Argentina, Dr. H. von Ihering. Types no. 72640 coll. A. N. S. P.
This species is no. 877 of Dr. von Ihering's register. It has much the general appearance of Urosalpinx clnereus (Say), which has about the same contour. The common Antillean Sistrum nodu- losum is more abbreviated, with far stronger tuberculation and a short anterior canal. It extends southward to Rio Janeiro and Cabo Frio, Brazil ( Cf. Hidalgo, Mol. Viaje al Pacifico, p. 07, as R. tuber- culata Blv. var. ?).
A NEW GUATEMALAN GLANDINA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Glandina Iheiingi n. sp.
Shell obesely fusiform or biconic, the diameter half the altitude ; pale brown, with occasional dark chestnut or purplish-brouni variceal stripes, inconspicuously bordered on the left side with whitish. Surface shining, finely and evenly striated throughout, excepting the smooth apical whorls ; spire conic, with nearly straight lateral out- lines, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7^, a little convex, the earlier 2^ smooth, separated by a simple suture, the rest very distinctly mar- gined below the suture by an impressed line which defines a narrow band of bead-like tubercles. Last whorl obese, its latter half not rapidly descending, the last suture being consequently nearly parallel with the others, in a dorsal view. Aperture somewhat over half the shell's length, narrow ; outer lip regularly arcuate; columella subver- tical, concave above, then sinuous and abruptly truncated and ex- cised. Alt. 25, diam. 12^; longest axis of aperture 14^, greatest width 5| mm.
Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Type no. 78036 Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci. (no. 413 of Dr. H. von Ihering's register).
This elegantly marked species is somewhat allied to G. cordovana
THE NAUTILUS. 0
and G. speciosa, both of which, on comparison of specimens, are seen to be much more cylindrical. The latter differs in being decidedly smoother below, even glabrous, while G. Iheringi is striated to the base. The body-whorl is strongly swollen and convex, and the nar- row moniliferous subsutural border is particularly distinct and ele- gant.
NEW PISIDIA, AND SOME GENERAL NOTES.
BY DK. V. STERKI.
Pis. IMBECILLE ii. sp. Mussel minute, ovoid-oblong in outline, rather inflated ; superior and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior slightly truncated obliquely outward, rounded below, antero- superior slightly curved or almost straight (oblique), anterior end rounded ; beaks somewhat posterior, broad and low, slightly raised above the hinge margin in the adult ; color pale yellowish horn to whitish ; surface with very fine striation and a few slightly marked lines of growth, and with a slight waxy gloss; shell thin, hinge very fine and plate quite narrow ; cardinal teeth very small, thin, or al- most obsolete, lateral teeth small, the outer ones of the right valve scarcely visible ; ligament fine.
Size: long. 2.3, alt. 1.8, diam. 1.3 mill.
Habitat : Byer's Trout Pond, and Button Lake, Kent Co., Mich., collected by Dr. R. J. Kirk land.
This is a well characterized species, not nearly related with any other, and can not be mistaken for mature specimens of any one. But it has much resemblance with very young examples of Pis. variabile Pr., of the same size, and it takes good care to discern them. — Our species will doubtless be found in other places ; in Byer's Pond Dr. K. collected over four hundred specimens, and twenty- five in Button Lake. The name has been derived from its small size, thin shell, low, broad beaks, and some similarity in shape with Anodonta imbecillis Say.
Pis. peraltum, n. sp. Mussel of moderate size, somewhat oblique, very high, much inflated, beaks large, full and prominent ; hinge margin strongly curved ; posterior part, behind the beaks, very short, the margin high, slightly to distinctly truncated, passing into the well rounded inferior, with a wide, regular curve ; antero-superior
(I tHE NAUTILUS.
margin slightly curved in a steep slope to the slightly angular, rounded anterior end ; color light yellowish horn in the young and a zone along the margins in older species, in which the upper parts usually are grayish ; surface slightly shining, finely and irregularly striated, with some deeper lines of growth usually of darker color; shell rather strong, nacre whitish to grayish, muscle insertions distinct; hinge stoutj strongly curved, plate moderately broad; cardinal teeth short, the one in the right valve curved, its posterior part thick, and usually grooved ; the anterior of the left valve short, stout, triangular, abrupt, with a deep groove, posterior short, oblique, curved ; lateral teeth short, stout, high, pointed, the outer ones in the right valve quite small ; ligament short, moderately
strong.
Size : long. 3.8 alt. 3.8 diam. 2.8 mill.
Habitat : Crystal Lake, Benzie Co., Mich., collected (over 600 specimens) by Dr. R. J. Kirkland ; also in Illinois, Iowa and Kentucky.
Typical specimens are easily distinguished from all other species — except an extreme form of P. compressuni Pr., from the same place, having rounded beaks without ridges. Yet they are, quite distinct. P. peraltnm is somewhat variable: in some specimens, there are small but distinct projecting angles at the scutum, or scu- tellum, or both. Others are less high, and the beaks are not so full and prominent.
A few specimens (dead valves) from Havana, 111., had been re- ceived from the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat. Hist. (Mr. Kofoid), in 1895; a few valves from Iowa City, la., were sent, in 1896, by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, and a few good specimens from Bowling Green, Ky., by Miss S. V. Price in 1899. While all these evidently were of the same Pisidium, they seemed not sufficient for establishing a new species upon them, but now proved identical with the Michigan form, and are valuable in showing a wide geographical distribution of our species.
Pisidia are becoming an important factor of our molluscan fauna. Owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists in the United States and Canada, the writer had chances to examine a large number of specimens — over two hundred thousand, during the last five or six years, besides ten thousands of Sphaeria and Calycu-
THE NAUTILUS. 7
lime. Yet they still represent only a small part of the country, and diligent, careful collecting in many more places and sections is badly needed.
That among such materials there should be many new forms was to be anticipated, but the results were beyond all expectations. This is partly proved by the many species already published. It seems to be necessary to add that the greatest care has been taken in estab- lishing r.ew species. All of them have been seen in every stage of growth ; most are represented by hundreds and thousands of speci- mens, and, in fact, the geographical range of almost all is a wide one. And numerous new forms are in hand, partly have been for years, awaiting new materials for their confirmation. Not only the species in themselves are of interest and value, but also the study of their geographical distribution and their variations. Some of the Pisidia are extremely variable, and the same can be said of some of our Sphaeria and Calyculimu, and their study is very difficult.
This is not the place for an account of the work done by all con- tributors, a summary of which will be given in a revision to be pub- lished. Yet two conchologists have done such work and their suc- cess is so unparalleled, the example given by them so suggestive and encouraging, that we can not pass them over in silence.
Mr. Olaf O. Nylander has, since '95, worked up Aroostook Co., Me., and, beside other inollusca, collected and sent for examination about 32,000 recent specimens and large numbers of fossil Pisidia. His careful collecting, under great difficulties, in many places over an extensive area of that northeastern part of our country, has added very materially to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna.1
During the hist four years also, Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand Rapids, Mich., has collected and sent for examination about 123,000 Pisidia (over 70,000 in '99), and many thousand SpLseria and Pisidia, most from Kent and some other counties of Michigan. And it is of importance that both these enthusiastic collectors, like some others also, have paid special attention to even the smallest speci- mens. Thus we became acquainted with some minute species, while the study of the young of all was greatly facilitated. On the other hand, it. is very desirable, or rather indispensable, to have as large numbers of specimens as possible at disposition, from every locality.
1 See Mr. Nylander's list in THE NAUTILUS XIIF, p. 1<)2. (Jan., 1900.)
8 THE NAUTILUS.
considering tlie enormous variability of some species, in order to as- certain whether certain forms are really species, or varieties, or local variations.
J. B. QTJINTARD.
It is with great regret that we iearn of the death of our old cor- respondent, Mr. J. B. Quintard, winch occurred at his home near .Silver Lake, Shawnee county, Kansas, on December 17, 1899.
Born at Norwalk, Connecticut, October 21, 1839, he moved with his parents to Knox county, Ohio, in 1847. In December, 1859, he married Miss Madeline I. Watkins, and in May, 1860, they moved to Kansas, where he selected a site on the open prairie and made a home, which he occupied until his death.
He was a great lover and careful observer of nature, and early took up the study of Conchology. By his own labor in collecting and exchanging, he got together a large collection of shells, and especially of the land and fresh-water specie?. Mr. Quintard was known by correspondence to most western collectors of fresh- water shells, especially the Unionida.
GENERAL NOTES.
NOTE ON VITREA RHOADSI Pils — The distribution of this species would seem to be much more extended than was indicated when first described (NAUT. XII, 101). I have specimens from Traverse City and Charlevoix in this State, and Dr. R. J. Kirkhmd has recently discovered it in Ottawa county, which would indicate a general dis- tribution through the western part of Michigan. It has not as yet been noticed in any of the eastern counties. I have also specimens from County Carlton, Ontario ; Amherst, Mass., and Orange county, Va., which extend the range much further to the north and east than indicated by Mr. Pilsbry. — BRYANT WALKER.
NOTE ON THE HABITS OF LIMN^A MIGHELSI W. G. Binn.— Extract from a letter of Dr. R. J. Kirkland : " I made a visit to Crystal Lake, Benzie county, Mich., in July and again in October. Along the shores are thousands of dead Limncea mighelsi'W. G. Binn.,
THE NAUTILUS. 9
and though many hours were spent in July in searching for living ones, not one was found, until an improvised dredge brought them to view from a depth of about twelve feet. Hiring a couple of men to row, about two hundred were taken in half a day's work. This fall, however, I was surprised to see them in shallow water (one to three feet), and I collected over a thousand by wading and picking them up one by one. They were not in groups at all, but scattered irreg- ularly in patches over the bottom. Some of them were half buried in the sand and the greater part resting with the head toward the shore, and where a track was visible, it was a line from deeper to shallower water. During the few days under observation, not a sin- gle individual was seen floating on the surface."- — BRYANT WALKER.
THE GROWTH OF LAND SNAILS — Two years ago, nearly, I had sent me two Helix albolabris which 1 put in my wardian case, and have had some thirty or more young from them in two annual crops; the first are about 21 mouths old. One of these perfected the white lip last year. Whether from being so often handled and being in the room where people are moving has made a difference in their habits I cannot say, but this year a portion of their "growing" has been done in full view, and they often do not go into their shells when I take them up.
One snail put an addition to his house of a full half inch at once. I happened to see him as he was finishing ; he had built from the umbilicus on one side, then from the farther side which we call the top, and was connecting the two sides when I found him. The con- nections seemed like tiny crystals thrown from each side, as ice forms in a pail of water, then it was covered with a jelly-like sub- stance, and in a few days after he had added the first thin gelatine- like wall of lip, and now IK; has the finished hard white lip.
I have often seen one which has the new addition as much like gelatine as possible, then so brittle that the merest touch will break, then like the old shell. — JENNIE M. H. MORRELL, Gardener, Maine.
LAND SHELLS FROM REJECTAMENTA OF THE Rio GRANDE AT MESILLA, NEW MEXICO, AND OF THE GALLINAS R. AT LAS VEGAS, N. M — Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell sent the following species from the localities named. A previous Mesilla list has been given in NAUTILUS X, p. 42.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Sheik from flood-debris of the Rio Grande, Mesilln.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Pyramidula striatella Antli.
Pupoides marginatus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
" " variety. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.
Bifidaria procera Gld. " singleyanus Pils.
" hordeacella Pils. Limna?a humilis Say.
" hebes mexicanorum Ckll.Planorbis parvus Say. Pupa, blandi Morse. " umbilicatellus Ckll.
Vertigo ovata Say. Physa, undet. Young shell.
GaUinas River at Las Veycis.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Vertigo ovata Say.
Bifidaria arm if era Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
" procera Gld. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.
" hordeacella Pils.
The species of principal interest is Planorbis umbilicatellus , not hitherto known from the Rocky Mountain region south of Montana to my knowledge. H. A. PILSBRY.
TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGISTS.
Kind Friends : Nearly thirteen years have passed since I published my little book entitled " West Coast Shells." It was issued with a double purpose; first, to increase the interest of young people in the study of conchology ; and secondly, to assist collectors in the work of identifying their specimens. It is believed that both objects have to some extent been realized.
During these years students of conchology have not been idle. Numerous new species have been brought to light, especially on the southern coast, while the scores of intelligent collectors all over the Pacific Slope have learned much concerning the haunts and habits of well-known species. Eastern and foreign investigators and pub- lishers have been busy also, and there has been more or less change of names and classification.
Repeated requests have been coming to me for a revised edition of "West Coast Shells." I have delayed undertaking the work of revision, partly from the pressure of other duties, and partly from a desire to secure the latest and most complete information concerning the shells themselves, and the most approved names by which they
TilE NAUTILUS. 1 1
should be known. While I am strongly opposed to changing old names except for the best of" reasons, it is necessary to know what the authorities are doing in these particulars.
INJy object in sending out this circular is to invite all who are in- terested in this matter to assist in the, work of revision. I shall be grateful to all who have found difficulties in using " West. Coast Shells" if they will write to me concerning their difficulties and make suggestions as to improvements.
I wish also to be informed of any errors, either in names or de- scriptions, that have been discovered, and shall be thankful to receive suggestions that would be helpful in writing new description;-. In- formation concerning new species is especially desired; also any recently discovered facts concerning well-known species.
I would be especially grateful to those who have specimens of new species if they would loan me such as 1 do not already possess, and give me information as to the names, localities, etc., of any species which are not already mentioned in " West Coast Shells," or of any
unusual varieties that should be noticed.
Jos i A ii KEKI-.
Mills College P. 0., Alameda Co., Calif., Mtirch 21, WOO.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.
P.Y II. A. 1MLS15HY.
The following species were mostly sent by Mr. Y. Ilirase. They will be illustrated in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science.
Eulota horrida n. sp. Shell broadly and perspective!)' umbilicaled, depressed, the spire very low conoid, nearly flat, periphery angulated, the angle situated high, base convex, inflated. Surface dull, yellow- ish-brown, shaggy with epidermal flattened processes and filaments, which are arrayed in six or eight concentric series, on the 1 ase, and at the periphery ; the upper surface smoother. Whorls -H. Aper- ture oblique, subcircular, a little excised by the preceding whorl ; peristome thin, slightly expanded on the outer and basal margins. Alt. 6, diam. 14, umbilicus 4 mm. Allied to H. ciliosu Pfr. and probably to 77. setocincta A. Ad., but the spire is 1< wer.
Eulota (Tn'shoplita?) mesogonia n. sp. Shell umbilicate, with
12 THE NAUTILUS.
moderately raised, conoidal spire, distinctly angular periphery and convex base. Uniform chestnut colored. Striatulate and densely though indistinctly granulate, the granules elongated in the direction of growth-lines. Whorls 5^, slowly increasing, the last angular at the periphery, slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 7-^, cliam. \()~ mm. Prov. Tonga (Gaines).
Ganesella Jacobii n. sp. Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, semi- glol)ose, thin, pale yellowish corneous ; surface stria tu late, decussated with incised spiral lines; spirt? convexly conoidal ; whorls 5^, slowly increasing, the last one very indistinctly angular at the periphery in front, becoming rounded on the latter half, convex beneath, exca- vated around the narrow umbilicus. Aperture oblique, lunate, the peristonie narrowly expanded, white, base-columellar margin reflexed. Alt. 13^, diam. 18^ mm.; umbilicus slightly over 1 mm. wide.
Cyclolus (?) micron, n. sp. Shell very minute, somewhat discoidal, with low conoid spire and widely open umbilicus; composed of 3^ tubular whorls, separated by deep sutures, the last one barely in con- tact with the preceding at the aperture ; pale corneous, subtranslu- cent, with delicate growth-striae. Aperture circular, vertical, the peristome simple and thin, continuous. Operculum lodged at the edge, presenting a densely concentrically lamellose external face, the center deeply sunken. Alt. '-\, diam. 1.0 mm.
Pou/dttopsis Hirasei, n. sp. Shell perforate, t!irreted,in shape re- sembling Pomatiopsis californicns Pils.; general color pale yellowish green, produced by buff stivaks and lines on a light green ground ; surface nearly smooth. Whorls remaining 5 (the earlier being eroded or decollate), quite convex, separated by deep sutures. The last third of the last gyration of the suture does not descend as much as the preceding turns, giving the effect of a slightly ascending whorl toward the mouth. Aperture ovate, subangular above, the outline a little flattened on the parietal margin ; peristome simple, continuous, black-edged ; the columellar margin arcuate, a little thickened and perceptibly dilated. Alt. 9, diam. 4.8, longest axis of aperture 3.6 mm. Operculum ovate, brown, the cicatrix oblong, large, occupy- ing the inner half of the inside face, its edge raised.
I at first thought to place this species in the Realiida; but on ex- amining the radula, I found it could belong neither to that family nor to the Assiminiidte, the dentition being far nearer that of Poma- tiopsis. The formula of denticles is 3t , 5, 6, <>. The median den-
-j L
tide in the central and ad median teeth is larger than its fellows. This radula differs from that of the American Pomatiopses in having two, instead of one, basal denticles on each side of the central tooth. See NAUTILUS XII, 127 ; X, 37, for information on the American species.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vox,. XIV. JUNE, 19OO. No. 2.
ESTIVATION OF EPIPHKAGMOPHORA TRASKII IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WI LLIAMSON.
When the frost is on the ground and autumn leaves lie scattered over orchards and forests, it is no surprise to find that land snails (Helices) have begun their period of hibernation, and lie sheltered under the layers of dead leaves or hidden in decaying trunks of trees. The annual sleep of the snail in winter corresponds well with the enforced rest of the vegetable world ; but in a tropical or semi- tropical climate the atmospheric conditions are different, and in place of a winter rest, snails take their annual sleep in summer. The hibernation of snails in colder countries is reversed, and in its stead aestivation of snails is the result. In the eastern states helices take their annual siesta in winter, but in southern California snails differ from their congeners, presenting an illustration of the power of en- vironment in modifying instincts. Instead of going into winter quarters in October and remaining from four to six months without food and motionless, the greatest activity of the southern California Helix is during the winter months. The reason for this is that the food supply is plentiful in the winter when the warm rains prevail ; and during the summer months the arid condition of the foot-hills, the habitat of these quiet creatures, made the aestivation of snails a necessity, a question of economy, an adjustment of demand and supply. In process of time the necessity for aestivation rather than hibernation became a habit.
When snails require rest in southern California they attach them- selves to the under surface of dead cacti, pieces of wood, stones, or
14 THE NAUTILUS.
burrow in the soil ; in every cnse the aperture of the shell is upward, with the apex below. With its mucus the Helix securely glues this aperture to the under surface of any substance to which it attaches itself. These land snails, being non-operculated pulmonates, their apertures are covered by an epiphragm. (In experimenting on a number of Helix tudiculata and Helix traski, my experience has been that if the epiphragm has been badly punctured, or broken, the snail will die unless circulation is started by applying moisture.) This covering is composed of several layers of hardened mucus which resembles the tougli white skin that lines a hen's egg.
In experimenting with helices in a snailery, a wooden box covered with a wire screen and partly filled with soil, I have found that while one species of snail (Epiphragmophora traskii Newc.~) would fasten themselves to the strip of wood that braced the lid of the snailery, the other species ( Glyptostoma neivberryanuin W. G. B.} would burrow in the soil, their black shells almost hidden from si<jht. In order to test them I have repeatedly interrupted their aestivation by placing their shells in hike-warm water until the helices could crawl about, but they would eventually be found in separate places, E. traski suspended above and G. newberryanum below in the soil.
During aestivation the snail's functions are in a state of coma, respiration is nearly suspended, and having retired as far as possible within the shell the mollusk is the embodiment of rest. Its waking is not a voluntary action. Without humidity the snail will activate for months and continue in a state of torpor for years if the at- mosphere is dry around it. Conchologists frequently quote the example given by Dr. R. E. C. Steams, of the U. S. National Museum, of a Lower Californian Helix that rested, or rather re- mained in a state of torpor for six years! Other cases of prolonged relaxation of the vital functions of snails are recorded.
Some years ago, in March, 1890, I collected a few land snails (E. traski Newc.) from some of the low foot-hills in Los Angeles, and on reaching home, finding them glued to the glass jar, they were left on a stand. In the morning two snails had crawled out of the jar and up the wall and were snugly ensconced in one corner of the ceiling, another one had traveled far in the night and had pre- empted his claim in one corner of the hall ceiling. In order to study developments they were allowed to remain -in situ. One soon fell down upon the carpet but the other two remained intact. The
THE NAUTILUS. 15
household orders were that the helices were to be left undisturbed by brush or broom. The summer came and went, autumn followed, winter came on and still our hermaphrodites "held the fort." No sound of mirth nor music aroused them.
But the rains came on. heavy drenching showers that rushed down the mountains, washed the foot-hills, overflowed the ozanjas, and all nature was in a dripping condition. During one of these storms in January, 1891, the rain came down with such force that it made in- vidious incursions into the hall during the night, and the snail was found on th-i floor. In an hour it was as willing as ever to struggle for existence. It ate heartily of celery with its little rasping tongue (radula) beset with multitudes of tiny siliceous teeth.
It was not until February 23 that the other Helix had been sufficiently overcome by the forces of nature to loosen its epiphragm enough to descend to the floor. It 'was placed in a shallow saucer of water, and it assumed its functions as though they had not been arrested.
While these house snails were glued to the ceilings, their relatives in the snailery in the garden had been aroused to activity by the first rain as it pattered through the screen cover ; and on January 2, 1891, I found a number of tiny pellucid-looking balls carefully hidden in the moist earth in the snailery. These were the eggs of the snails. In less than three weeks there were young snails. Time had been lost by the house snails, their aestivation extending beyond the requirements of nature had gained them nothing.
It was my intention to study all these forms, and while giving a rest to the " house snails," compare their longevity with the garden helices. But, alas, for the rapacity of the animal kingdom, sowbugs, ants and insects from the rose bushes made war upon the whole snail colony, adults, babies and eggs, and by summer time the houses were empty, the tenants were gone !
A NEW SPECIES OF LIMA.
I;Y w. H. DALL.
Recent excavations involved in the construction of a tunnel through a hill at Los Angeles, California, on the line of Third street, have developed the presence of fossils, probably Pliocene, in the blue clay through which the tunnel is being cut.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Several specimens, more or less crushed, of a large Lima are among the forms collected. This species belongs to the general type of Lima excavata Fabr., L. goliath Sby, etc., and reaches to a length of four and a half inches. The valves are brilliantly polished, and in the middle part unsculptured, the anterior and posterior thirds are finely radially grooved with shallow grooves of which the outer slopes are less steep than the inner ; the incremental lines, obsolete elsewhere, appear in the channel of the grooves and cross striate it here and there, giving the effect of obsolete punctation. I may add that close to the impressed area of the shell there are two or three coarser, deeper radial grooves. The species differs from the South Pacific and. all other forms of its group known to me in its much finer and more delicate sculpture and brilliant polish. I await more perfect specimens before trying to figure it, but would propose the name of Lima Hamlini for the species in honor of Mr. Homer Hamlin C. E., Asst. City Engineer of Los Angeles, who is much interested in the geology and paleontology of the region, and has made valuable studies of the southern California Tertiary. The specimen in hand was kindly forwarded for examination by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns.
A REVISION OF THE PHYSJE OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
BY FKANK C. BAKER.
While working up the fresh-water mollusks of the Chicago area for a report on the Mollusca, the genus Physa came up for considera- tion, and the chaotic condition of the group, judging by the conflict- ing opinions of conchologists, seemed to warrant a somewhat critical revision of the species found in northeastern Illinois, and incidentally of northern Illinois. The best-known species, heterostropha, is little understood, and seems to be more frequently confounded with gyrina than with uny other form, excepting, perhaps, Integra.
A large collection of Physidae, from different parts of the United States as well as from northern Illinois, has been examined, and the writer believes that all of the species found within the area have been elucidated. It is very probable that there are but ten or fifteen valid species of Physa in the United States, six or seven of which are to be found in the northern part of this region east of the Rocky Mountains.
THE NAUTILUS. 17
During a visit to the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences some time ago, Mr. Pilsbry called the writer's attention to the fact that heterostropha had a smooth shell, while gyrina and some others had a shell with impressed spiral lines. Following up this suggestion a large number of Physse have been examined, with the result that in- stead of there being two species in northern Illinois, there are at least four species and one variety.
The following notes have been made from fully adult specimens, and the figures are outline drawings of photographs, and are there- fore accurate.
Key to Northern Illinois Physa.
A. Shell smooth, broad, spire short. heterostropha.
B. Shell with impressed spiral lines.
a. Shell rather broad, ovate, spire short, acute ; aperture wide
and spreading ; whorl 4|-5 ; shell thinner than b and c ; peristome callus bordered by red. sayii.
b. Shell elongated or cylindrical, narrow, spire generally long ;
apertur every narrow ; whorl 5-6 ; peristome callus bordered by red. gyrina.
c. Shell broad, inclining to be shouldered ; spire sharply conic ;
aperture roundly oval ; whorls 4^-5 ; peristome callus white without red border. Integra.
Physa heterostropha Say. Fig. l.
Limnce heterostropha SAY, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., pi. 1, fig. 6, 1817. Physa fontana HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. 2, p. 3 of cover; Physa, p. 26, 1841.
Shell polished, subovate ; whorls 4-4^; spire moderately elevated, acute, the whorls slightly convex ; color varying from light horn to greenish ; sculpture consisting only of fine growth lines ; sutures impressed, margined by a white line which is frequently bordered by pIG
a dark chestnut line; protoconch consisting of
one whorl, which is smooth, and varies from porcelain-white to rather dark horn color ; aperture rather large, oval, occupying from two-thirds to three-quarters of the length of the entire shell ; peristome thin, acute, thickened on the inside by a whitish or bluish callus, which is bordered on the inside with red; columella almost straight, with a whitish callus which is sometimes lined with red.
18
THE NAUTILUS.
Length 14.00; width 8.50 ; aperture length 10.00; width 4.00 mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)
Length 13.00; width M.50 ; aperture length 10.00; width 4.50 mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)
Length 13.50 ; width 0.00 ; aperture length 10.50 ; width 4.50 mill. (La Porte, Ind.)
Length 9.00 ; width G.OO ; aperture length 6.50 ; width 3.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Animal similar to that of gyrina. Jaw and radula in all respects like those of gyrina. Distribution : eastern and southern states from Maine to C4eorgia and west to Michigan and Illinois; Southern Canada. Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat: in ponds and streams, adhering to sticks and stones, and crawling over the muddy bottom.
Only a single lot of shells has been found which could be referred to this species and that was collected in the drift along the shore of Lake Michigan at Miller's, Indiana. The nearest typical heteros- tropJia have been found living in Pine Lake, La Porte Co., Indiana. It is very probable that this species is not found in any abundance west of Indiana, its place being taken by gyrina, sayii and Integra. Under distribution above, only those states are given from which the writer has seen authentic specimens.
Physa Sayit Tappun. Fig. •>.
Pliysa sayii TAPPAN, Amer. Journ. Sci. (1), vol. xxxv, p. 369, pi. iii, h'g. 3, 1839. Physa warreniana LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 115, 1864.
Shell polished, ovate, whorl 5-5i ; spire elevated, very acute,
the whorls moderately convex ; color light horn to li^ht chestnut ; sculpture consisting of rather coarse growth lines, crossed by numerous fine, impressed spiral lines, giving the surface of the shell rather a wavy appear- ance, as figured for gyrina; sutures slightly impressed, bordered as in heterostropha ; protoconch consisting of one and a half smooth, glossy whorls of a dark chestnut color; aperture very large, long oval, three-fourths to four-fifths the length of the whole shell ; peristome thin, generally not much thickened within, whitish some- times bordered with reddish ; columella slightly twisted and cov-
FIG. 1.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
ered \vitli ;i spreading callus ; the lower part of the aperture is somewhat produced.
'Length -22.00; width 13.50 ; aperture length 10.00; width 7.50 mill. (Chicago.)
Length UKOO ; width 12.00; aperture length 14.00; \\idthG.OO mill. (Chicago.)
Length 1000; width 11.00; aperture length 12.00; width 6.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Animal similar in external appearance to all Physidae. Jaw and radula as in yyriiia. Distribution: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi- nois, Missouri. Geological distribution : Pleistocene ; Loess. Habi- tat : In stations similar to heterostropha and gyrina.
Remarks: This species was at first identical as ancillaria Say, but that species, while having the same surface sculpture as sayii, is more inflated, the outer lip more spreading and the body whorl more gibbous, the spire being always much shorter and the whorls more convex. The surface sculpture is very beautiful and precisely as de- scribed for yyrina. This species is not common, and has been found at Joliet, Maywood. Lake Calumet and Lake Michigan near the foot of Oak Street. Sayii is apparently closely related to ampullacea Gould, a Pacific coast species.
Physa gyrina Say. Fig. 3.
Physa gyrina SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 171, 1821. Physa striata MENKK, Syn. Math., ed. 2, p. 32, 1830. Physa hildrethiana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 2, p. 32, 1841. Physa cyllndnca NEWCOMB, in DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 77, pi. V, fig. 82, 1843. Physa plicata DEKAY, 1. c., p. 78, pi. V, fig. 85, 1843. P/tysa sajf'ordii LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 115, 18G4. Physa haw nii LEA, 1. c., p. 115, 1864. Physa parva LEA, 1. c., p. 115, 1864.
Shell elongated, generally polished, whorls 5-6; spire always very long (as compared with the last two species), acute, the whorls in some cases almost flat, and at best but slightly convex, color varying between light-greenish horn and brick-red ; sculpture consisting of well-marked growth lines, crossed by numerous fine impressed spiral lines, giving the shell a wrinkled appearance (see figure of sculp- ture) ; these lines appear at first to be raised, but when viewed through the microscope are seen to be impressed between two wrin- kled ridges, as seen in the cut ; sutures scarcely impressed, but
20
THE NAUTILUS.
bordered by a porcelain-white line which is rarely edged with chest- nut; aperture rather long, long-oval in form, much narrowed at the upper part, more than a half and less than two-thirds the length of
FIG. 3.
the entire shell ; peristome thin, thickened within by a callus which is either bordered by a dark chestnut band or else is itself of that color ; columella thickened with a decided white callus or plait; the lower part of the aperture is produced ; the periods of winter hiber- nation are frequently marked by a whitish band in the body of the shell; protoconch consisting of a trifle more than one smooth, rounded, dark chestnut-colored whorl.
Length 17.00; width 9.00; aperture length 11.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Length 26.00; width 12.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Length 24.00; width 11.50 ; mill. (Chicago.)
Length 19.00; width 10.00; mill. (Chicago.)
Length 22.00; width 10.00; aperture length 12.50 mill. (Chicago.)
Animal with a long and rather narrow foot, acutely pointed be- hind and rounded before, where it is produced into lateral lobes ; the foot does not extend much beyond the edge of the shell ; color blackish or yellowish gray, dotted or flecked with whitish or yellow- ish, the dots being distinctly seen through the transparent shell ; the front of the head is ornamented by two yellowish spots of good size, composed of numerous minute dots ; the mantle is brown, spotted with yellowish, is reflected over a portion of the shell on the right side, and produced into four filiform digitations ; tentacles very long and slender, tapering to a point ; head distinct, separated from
aperture length 14.00 aperture length 13.00 ; aperture length 12.00
width 4.50
width 5.50
width 5.50
width 5.00
width 5.00
THE NAUTILUS.
21
the foot by a short neck ; mouth large, in the lower plane of the
head, showing plainly the jaw and radula while the animal is grazing alongthe side of an aquarium ; eyes placed on swellings at the inner base of the tentacles ; respiratory cavity on left side of the shell at the lower point where the peristome meets the body whorl. Length of
foot 15.00; width 4 mill, extended (Fig. 4).
Jaw in one piece, arched, striated, provided with a central fibrous
projection from the superior surface ; ends rounded (Fig. 5, J).
FIR. 4.
Eadula : Formula
FIG. 5.
9o Ju 1 95 95 ,, ,-,,-, , ,
- -I — (190-1-190) ; central
13^ 1 ^2-5-2^ 1 rJ3
tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners being very much attenuated ; cusp 9-dentate, 5 denticles being long and narrow, and two on each side smaller and more blunt ; laterals in two alternate ser- ies, the primary teeth large, obliquely inclined, comb-like ; the cusps are very peculiar, and vary to a large degree ; some teeth have five long, pointed cusps with six small ones, one between each large one and one at each end (Fig. 5) ; others have but two small denticles, while still others have one or more between (Figs. 5, 2, 3, 4). The secondary teeth are long and narrow, with a wide, blunt cusp. These latter, as also the central tooth and small teeth between the cusps of the primary teeth, are very difficult to observe (Fig. 5).
Distribution : Probably inhabits the whole of the northern and central parts of the United States and Southern Canada. Geologi- cal distribution : Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat: Found veryabund-
22 I'll 1C NAUTILUS.
antly in ponds and streams of greater or lesser size, adhering to sticks or stones, and crawling over the muddy liottom. Inhabits either running water or stagnant pools.
Remarks: This is a very common and handsome species. Its habits are active, moving with a rapid, steady, gliding motion. It is very interesting to watch a number of Physic in an aquarium ; as they are crawling along the bottom, one will be seen to rise suddenly to the top of the water and move along with the foot applied to the, surface, the shell hanging down. Again, they may be seen descend- ing, suspended by a thin thread of mucus. "When the animal rises suddenly, the branchial cavity opens with a faint clicking sound, probably due to the pressure of air in the lung. This species fre- quently inhabits water as cold as the freezing point, and may be ob- served in winter gliding along the bottom of a pond when the surface is frozen. The eggs are deposited on stones, the under side of sticks, etc., and are composed of large, glairy, transparent masses.
Several Physrc kept in captivity laid four egg masses on April 23, 1807. The egg masses measured 20 by 4 mill., and contained from 120 to 200 eggs. On April 24, ten additional egg masses were laid. The jar contained 15 individuals. On June 3, in the afternoon, the writer noticed a number of young in a jar containing egg masses deposited probably in the latter part of April. The young were half a mill, in length, vitreous in appearance and perfectly transparent. They were very lively, crawling about the jar and feeding voraciously upon the scum found on the sides of the glass. The heart pulsated 120 times per minute. On June loth the young had increased to one mill, in length. About a week later, unfortunately, the whole lot died, so that no further notes could be taken.
Physa gyrina is by far the most common species of the genus (I might say of any germs) found in the area, and has been found in all parts of northern Illinois. It was at first confused with heterostropha, but that species has a smooth shell (see above) and is not found in any numbers in the area ; it is very probable that Iieterostropha is not found west of the Mississippi River, and the quotations of this species from western localities were probably founded on gyrina, sayii, gabbi, Integra, etc. This species is very variable in this region, some forms approaching ampullacea Gould, while others might be taken for gabbi Tryon, or virginea Gould, so far as form goes. It is probable that some west coast names will be added to the above synonymy, when more study is given to this genus.
THE NAUTILUS. 23
Physa gyrina elliptica Lea. Fig. 6.
Physa elliptic a LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. V, p. 115, pi. xix, tig. S3, 1837. Physa anrea LEA, I.e., vol. VI, p. IS, pi. xxiii, tig. 100, JS39. Physa troostiana LEA, Proe. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. II, p. 32, 1S41. Physa nicklinii LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 114, 18G-1. Physa altonensis LEA, I.e., p. 114 18G4. Physa felrigerii LEA, I.e., p. 114, 1SG4. Physa oleacea TUYON, Amor. Journ. Concli., vol. II, p. G, pi. ii, Hg. G, 186G.
Shell differing iroin typical gyrina in being more elliptical, having a shorter, more rounded spire, and hence more convex whorls, the spire, as described by Tryon, " with the outline not elevated above a continuation of the general curve of the body." The shell is also more solid and the outer lip thicker with a very heavy, bluish-white callus. The surface sculpture is the same as in gyrina.
Length 15.00 ; width 7.50 ; aperture length 9.50 ; width 3.50 mill.
Length 11. 00; width G. 00; aperture length 7.00 ; width 2.50 mill.
Length 12.00 ; width 7.50 ; aperture length 9.00 ; width 3.75 mill.
Animal, jaw, and radula, as in gyrina. Distribution: evidently the same as gyrina. Geological distribution : Pleistocene ; Loess. Habitat : Almost always associated with gyrina.
Remarks : The typical form of this variety seems at first quite distinct from gyrina, but in a multitude of forms (the writer has ex- amined several thousand specimens) is seen to fade imperceptibly into the typical form. From observations in the present area, gyrina would seem to be dimorphic, consisting of the typical gyrina with long spire, and the variety elliptica with short, dome-shaped spire. This belief is strengthened by the fact that the two forms are always associated together. It is not quite as common as the typical form.
Physa Integra Ilaldeman. Fig. 7.
Physa integra HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 33, pi. IV, h'g. 7, 8, 1841. Physa niagarensis LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 114, 18G4.
Shell oval, whorls 4^-5 ; spire short, pointed, the whole convex ; sutures well marked, sometimes banded by a faint white line; color varying from light yellowish horn to pale brown ; sculpture as in gyrina, the lines being very deep and the wrinkled edges very convex ; protoconch consisting of one and a half smooth, rounded, wine-colored whorls ; aperture oval, rather wide, produced at the
24 THE NAUTILUS.
anterior end, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell; peris- tome thin, thickened within the aperture by a heavy white or yellowish callus, which shows through the shell very plainly ; it is never bordered by any color stripe ; the callus of two or three former peristomes may
always be seen on the body whorl and some- FIG. i. J
times one or two on the spire ; columella broad, flat, white, a callus spreading over the parietal wall.
Length 12.00 ; width 8.00 ; aperture length 7.50 ; width 3.00 mill.
Length 10.50 ; width 7.50 ; aperture length 7.50 ; width 3.50 mill.
Length 10.00 ; width (3.00 ; aperture length 5.50 ; width 3.00 mill.
Animal not differing essentially from gyrina. Jaw similar to that of gyrina. Radula similar in form to that of gyrina, but differing in having six large, nearly equal cusps, instead of five, in the absence, generally, of small cusps between the larger ones, and in the reflec- tion being wider than in gyrina or heterostropha. The radula of this species is remarkably uniform in the form of the teeth and in the number of the cusps. The central tooth and secondary teeth appeared to be the same as in the species previously described.
Distribution : Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, New York, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Michigan, Wisconsin. Found in great abundance in Allen's Creek, near Rochester, New York. Geologi- cal distribution : Pleistocene ; Loess. Habitat : At stations similar to gyrina.
Remarks : This species has been generally confounded with heter- ostropha, but will at once be separated from that species by the spiral lines ; the general form also is different from any other shell found in this area, and the white callus on the lip is peculiar. It is a com- mon shell at Hickory Creek, Lockport and Joliet, and has been found, though more sparingly, at Calumet Grove, Maywood and at Edgewater. . It is more common than sayii, but less so than gyrina. The specimens from Hickory Creek are quite typical, resembling closely Haldeman's figures (pi. 4, figs. 7, 8) in his monograph of fresh water mollusca.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. JULY, 1900. No. 3.
IN SEARCH OF POLYGYRA PILSBRYI.
BY .)AS. H. FERRISS.
In the month of February, both in 1899 and 1900, I made trips to Arkansas for health and shells, and on both occasions stopped at Hardy, Sharp county, Ark., on Spring River, which heads at the famous Mammoth Springs, in Missouri. This part of America at some time was plainly lifted by an enormous upheaval, and the lime- stone came down without regard to good order. The highest points are probably 1000 feet above the sea.
Spring river is a beautiful stream. The water so pure and deep is of a Nile green in color, but in every half mile or so at this point there is a natural dam, covered with tine unios and " periwinkles." When Messrs. Sterki and Simpson have helped me over the hard places, a list of these will be given. I found this year one new Unio anyhow.
Half of one day this year was given to Little Rock, where good collecting is to be found in a rocky bluff' near the Iron Mountain bridge.
Upon both trips I jumped to DeKalb, Bowie county, Texas. Last year I went with a party of turkey hunters as far as Little River, in the Choclaw Nation, all in the low lands, then by rail to Tuhskahoma and Poteau, on the Frisco road — another blown-up limestone coun- try. In this part of the Indian nation the road passes between two mountain ranges. It is the prettiest of landscapes, and I am sure in the month of May the snails swarm out of the clamp corners and fern- clothed rocks in great numbers to view the scenery. Judging by the government maps of near-by territory, these mountains are about
26 THE NAUTILUS.
1,000 or 1,500 feet above the sea. From Poteau, Sugarloaf, a dozen miles away, could be seen, and this knob runs up to 2,000 feet; but a cold wave drove me home before I could make this mountain a visit.
In three days, at Poteau and Tushkahoma I found Polygyra Bin- neyana Pits., Poly, divesta indlanorum Pils., Poly, dorfeuiliiana per- costata Pils. and Gastrodonta demissa lamellata Pils. These places are about 80 and 40 miles east of Limestone Gap, where Simpson found PoJy. kiowaensis; 50 miles west of Mena, and Mena is 70 west of Hot Springs, where Poly, kiowaensis arkansaensis Pils. was found. I never saw either, and I hunted hard.
But in the winter many shells surely could not be found. It was next to impossible to tind a mature Omphalina fridbilis or a Pyrami- dnla solitaria alive, but their dead shells were common. Perhaps many of these species, as in the Tennessee mountains, are clannish sticklers for locality.
The P. dorfenilliana, monodon and G. demissa colonize under logs, a pine log sometimes if charred, but the oaks with a rough bark suit them better. The Mesodons were found by digging. In fact nearly all of my new shells were found by quarrying. The first was Poly, cragini, described by Call. This I found on my old farm at Thajt-r, Kansas, while quarrying sandstone in search of fossil plants. Since then I have been a great digger, looking on the well-drained and ventilated rock, dampened only by the soil, as the best locality to find a new species. High up on the mountains is good ground, I have always supposed because it is a poor place for lazy collectors.
This year a Texas friend, who had a team, wagon and canvas cover, went with me from DeKalh, Texas, to Naples, Texas, on one trip, and then to Mena, Arkansas. I walked, and rolled over the rocks and logs, and he good-naturedly drove the team, and at good places stopped the procession and helped gather the shells. In this journey of over 200 miles I do not think I rode over 15, and I do not think he walked that far, except in our side journeys on foot. At night we made a shed of our wagon sheet, and with a roaring pitcli- pine fire in front and plenty of blankets, got along nicely through snow and rain, or when the thermometer dropped to zero a few times.
The rivers were high after having been very low, but we could tell by the remains that it was a very rich region in Unionidte for the seasonable comer. From Naples to the mountains, P. dorfeuilh-
THE NAUTILUS. 27
ana, monodon alicice, cragini and thyroides were the rule, except on a chalky uplift called Rocky Comfort in Arkansas. Here we found Helicina orbiculata tropica, Bulimulus dealbatus and Omphalina friabilis in the uplands, and Poly, texasiana (banded) and Poly, monodon friersonii in low land.
Striking the hill country near Horatio, under the first stone out- crop we found P. albolabris Alleni and the first Poly. Binneyana I had seen alive. Wherever we found a shaded hill-top after that, with an outcrop of rock, we found these shells ; and from the number of " bones " scattered about, they must be plentiful on warm spring days. Sometime I hope to get enough for all of my friends. We occasionally found P. Binneyana traveling, for there were times a week together when we walked in our shirt sleeves and the frogs and birds were singing.
P. albolabris was found more frequently under logs, but I found only one binneyana in that situation. Two P. albolabris alleni here usually hibernate together, just under the soil, face upwards. At Hardy I found as many as eight under one log, but the Hardy shell seems to me another variety, or a subdivision of a variety. It is the same as I have found in Kansas, smaller than the Menu alleni, more solid and compact, and more perfectly opaque.
From Horatio to Mena it is a clay hill country, and the shells were much the same. At Mena we seemed to strike a truly snail territory. Here the Rich Mountain range is 2,750 feet above sea level, the Fourche and Black Fork ranges were about as high, the Chastats about 2,000 feet, and it was but a little distance to the Magazine Mountain and the Petit Jean range, as high as the Rich Mountains. I found deep, mossy, ferny coves that in the Tennessee mountains would be jeweled with snails. Gastrodonta demissa brittsi here was large as acerra, and the species were more numerous. It looked altogether more promising. Someday, with an industrious collector, I should like to start from Hardy and never stop until we had gone into the panhandle of Texas. Limestone bluffs and coves are on every hand. There could be new shells every day. With the ex- ception of Simpson's visit to Kiowa, in the Indian nation, and my own trips, the rocks were probably never scratched.
The following is my catch, named with much assistance from Mr. Pilsbry, numbered after the Pilsbry check list :
9a. Helicina orbiculata tropica Say. DeKalb, Lanesport, Rocky Comfort, Gilham, Mena.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
48. Vallonia pulcliella (Mull.). Lanesport, one specimen in 1899.
68. Polygyra leporina (Gld.). From Mt. Pleasant to Horatio, the animal black as Z. nitidus (Mull.), in damp situations, under logs and stones, or feeding about near by ; active in winter.
70. Poly. Dorfeuilliana Lea. Naples to Mena, sometimes over one hundred in little pockets under logs and stones in well-drained soil. Every lot seemed a little different in color or size, and upon this last trip I collected 1,281. It is abundant in my travels from Arkansas City, Kansas, to Hardy, North Arkansas, to Waco, Texas, and all in between.
70a. Poly. Dorf. SampsoniWetla. Tushkahoma, Ind. Ter., 1899. Fairly plentiful in the rocks.
70b. Poly. Dorf.percost.ata Pils. Poteau, Ind. Ter., 1899. Fairly plentiful on dry mountain side under slabs of sandstone and small logs.
72. Poly. Jacksoni Bid. At Poteau in '99. One large specimen found at Mena this year "of the variety with wholly closed axial perforation not uncommon at Fort Gibson."
79. Poly. Texasiana (Moric.) Opposite Lanesport in Texas, at Rocky Comfort and Chapel Hill, Ark., next to the water under drift. At Rocky Comfort, banded.
95c. Poly. Cragini (Call). Naples, to Mena, under logs in low land, usually. The animal is black and the shell more robust and about one mm. larger than the Kansas type, which is 8^- and 9. The types are a bright, cherry red, these of Ark. nearer the flat corneous brown color of the usual P. tJiyroides.
97. Poly, inflecta (Say). Rocky Comfort to Mena.
109a. Poly, albolabris AUeni (Wetherby). Horatio to Rich Mountain Station, and at Tushkahoma, I. T. This variety has a thin shell and the color same as divesta, glossy. Measures from 28 mm. to 32, and in some cases the umbilicus is partly open.
110. Poly, exoleta (Binn.) Mena.
112. Poly, divesta (Gld.) A few dead specimens in '99 at Tushkahoma.
11 2a. Poly, divesta indianorum (Pile.) a few dead specimens and young (now alive in my snailery), at Tushkahoma and Poteau in 1899.
112-1. PoJy. Binneyana (Pils.) a few dead shells and young at Tushkahoma and Poteau in 1899, and one dead at Hardy in drift.
THE NAUTILUS. 29
I found it this year from Horatio to Rich Mountain most plentiful in the rocks scattered over the creek bottoms near the city of Mena, in company with Gastro. demissa Brittsii and Poly, hirsuta uncifera. The measurements were from 23 diam. 11 alt., to 28 mm. diam., 13 alt.; all 5^ whorls. In the Chastat Mountains four miles south I found a smaller variety and got a few alive by digging down a couple of feet. These ran from 16 diam., 8 alt., to 20 diam., 9 alt., with not quite 5 whorls.
124. Poly, thyroides (Say). DeKalb to Mena, occasionally, under logs in damp situations. Pilsbry will have much to say on this species, I think, as they run from the clausa size to the largest thy- roides, and were so without regard to locality. The large size were usually found in situations suitable for mnltilineata, while the smaller were about the rocks and under logs upon higher ground.
134-1. Polygyra Pilsbryi, n. sp. Shell imperforate, lens shaped, about equally convex above and below, corneous-brown, the surface rather glossy, sculptured above with strong, slightly curved, uneven riblets, running with the growth lines; the riblets on the base very uneven or interrupted as though composed of compressed radial lam- ina?, arranged in several concentric circles. Whorls fully 5, slowly increasing, the last carinated at the periphery, abruptly and shortly derlexed in front. Aperture basal, hook-shaped or like the letter " J " reversed; contracted by a long, arcuate parietal lamella, which extends to the axis and is decidedly curved in, or entering, at its outer end, and is connected with the end of the outer lip by a slight callous ridge. Basal lip reflexed and prostrate, with a rather shal- low median notch, much more conspicuous in a front than in a basal view. Alt. 5, diam. 10 mm. Rich Mountain Station (Mt. Mena), Polk Co., Arkansas, on mountain, by roadside leading from R. R. station to the hotel, two specimens (one dead).
Allied to P. labrosa, from which it differs in the remarkable scup- ture and the form of the basal lip and notch. This shell was picked up by my partner, Mr. Jolly.
At the suggestion of Bryant Walker it is named in honor of Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the very one who of late years has given con- chologists the most delight, by his enormous zeal and industry, and his untiring exactness. I was instructed by Mr. Walker to find something for the occasion as large as indianorum or Ferrissi, but this shell has unusual features to make up for the disappointment in
30 THE NAUTILUS.
size. It is the best novelty in American shells found, I believe, for some time.
138. Poly, stenotrema (Fer. ). Found a few on the slope of the Chastat Mountains south of Mena.
139c. Poly.hirsuta uncifera (Pils.) n. var. In both the Chastat and Rich Mts. at Mena. From its silvery, clean appearance and un- usually prominent basal lip, 1 believed this to be a new variety, and gathered all I could find. When one is out in the woods, by the way, he cannot always tell what is what.
141a. Poly, monodon frnterna (Say). Rocky Comfort on the bank of a creek in company with friersoni and aliciae.
141b. Poly, monodon aliciae (Pils.). Mt. Pleasant and Naples, Texas, to Horatio and Ultima Thule, Ark.
141d. Poly, monodon friersoni (Pils.). DeKalb, Texas ; Rocky Comfort and Cove, Ark.
141e. Poly, monodon imperforota (Pils.), n. var. Rocky Comfort, Mena and Cove. Mr. Pilsbry has thrown a bomb into the monodon- Leai camp, and I merely list these, leaving the description for the article he promises the readers of the NAUTILUS.
153. Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). DeKalb, Rocky Comfort, Gil- ham, Mena.
180. Slrobilops labyrinthica (Say). Cove, one specimen.
184. Pupoides marginatus (Say) \_Leucocheila fallax of authors]. At Cove under rails in an abandoned field, and at Cerro Gordo un- der logs ; plentiful in company with small red Poly, thyroides- and Bifidaria contracta-
186. Bifidaria armifera (Say). DeKalb, Lanesport and Mena.
187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cove.
247. Omphalina friabilis (W. G. B.). DeKalb to Mena, most plentiful at Rocky Comfort.
263. Vitrea petropliila (Bid.). Mena. This is the first time this species has been found west of the Mississippi. Three others were also found in this catch that may turn out to be a variety of V- wheatleyi (Bid.).
270. Vitrea indentata (Say). From Morris' Ferry to Mena.
285. Vitrea Simpsoni (Pils.). Morris' Ferry to Mena, both under logs and in the rocks, active.
278-lb. Gonulus chersinus trochulus Reinh. Cerro Gordo, Hat- ton's Gap and Chastat Mts., rocks and under logs, rare.
THE NAUTILUS. 31
283. Zonitoides arloreus (Say). Mt. Pleasant, Texas, to Mena, Ark.
291. Zon. laeviusculus (Sterki). One in the Red River bottoms in 1899.
297. Gastrodonta demissa (Binii.). Morris Ferry to Mena.
297a. G. demissa Brittsi (Pils.). Ultima Thule and Mena. At the latter place in stone piles in the creek bottoms I found a large form. The largest measured 10 mm., and I supposed at the time I had run upon acerra.
297b. G. dem. lamellata (Pils). From Morris Ferry to Mena. This was generally found under the logs and very often in company with demissa. The largest of both measured about the same, 8 and 9 mm. diameter.
338. Pyramidula alternata (Say). From Rocky Comfort to Mena. All rather strongly ribbed and dark in color.
367. Succinea avara Say. At Mt. Pleasant, Texas, and Cove, Ark.
As space is valuable in this journal, and my search at these points was far from thorough, I will merely give a list of species found at Hardy and Little Rock, Ark., and Dennisoh, Texas, not included in the above. Hardy is a particularly good locality, as there is a wide range of species. I found Vitrea simpsoni here on my last trip, the most northern and eastern limit so far recorded.
119c. Polyyyra appressa (Say). At Hardy a highly sculptured variety with small denticle upon the upper lip. This variety is known as Say's " variety A." It measures from 18 to 20 mm. diameter.
119d. Poly, appressa perigrapta (Pils.), typical. Little Rock. I also have this from extreme northwestern Arkansas.
120. Poly, elevata (Say). Hardy.
125. Poly, clausa (Say). Hardy.
134. Poly, /abrosa (Bid.). Little Rock.
190. BIJidaria procera (Gld.). At Hardy in '99.
198. Bi. curvidens (Gld.). At Hardy in '99.
199. Bi. pmtodon (Say). At Hardy in '99.
278-la. Conulas fulvus denlatus (Sterki). At Hardy in '99. 338c. Pyramidula alternata rarinotata (Pils.). At Dennison, Texas. 239. Circinaria concava (Say). Hardy and Little Rock. 340. Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Hardy. 342. Pyr. perspectiva (Say). Hardy. 346. Helicodlscus lineatus (Say). Hardy.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
[Continued from May No., p. 12. ~\ Buliminus Hirasel ». sp.
Shell rimate, cylinclric-conic, rather solid, whitish-corneous or pale reddish corneous, with opaque white streaks and lines. Surface ir- regularly striatulate and very finely though rather irregularly spirally striate. Spire with quite convex outlines, a trifle attenuated near the obtuse apex. Whorls 8, the first slightly convex, following whorls almost jtat, the last one more convex. Aperture but slightly oblique, pale reddish-brown within, ovate ; peristome white, ex- panded, thickened within; columella simply concave, without a fold; parietal callus very thin in the middle, thickened toward the ends, having a low tubercle near the posterior angle.
Length 19, diam. 9, of last whorl above aperture 8; length of aperture 83 mm.
Length 19, diam. 8, of last whorl above aperture 7.5; length of aperture 7.6 mm.
Kikai, Prov. Osumi, Japan (Y. Hirase).
This species differs from B. reinianus Kob. and andersonianus MlldtF., in the obese form and especially the light coloration. It is much smaller and especially shorter than B. japonicus Mlhlff., which was described from a single beached specimen. B. japonicus while decidedly larger, alt. 28, diam. 11 mm., the aperture 11 mm. long, has a half whorl less (7^), and no mention is made by Dr. v. Mol- lendorff of a tubercle near the posterior angle of the peristome, such as occurs in B. Hirasei.
It is named in honor of Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto.
Buli minus extorris var. omiensis n.
Shell rimate, resembling B. ccmtori in general form, large, solid and dark chestnut brown ; irregularly striate, the strife more or less cut into granules by very irregular spirals. Spire with convex out- lines below, straight above, the last two whorls of about equal diam eter ; apex obtuse. Whorls 8-g-, convex, the last rather compressed. White, somewhat thickened within, the ends connected by a white cord across the parietal wall, thickened into a slight tubercle near the posterior angle. Columella concave below, having a short strong fold above.
THE NAUTILUS. 33
Length 29, diam. 10, length of aperture 10.3, width 8.3 mm.
Length 29.5, diam. 10, length of aperture 11, width 7.8 mm.
Ibuki, prov. Omi, Japan (Y. Hirase).
I refer this form with some doubt to B. extorris Brancsik (Jahr- esheft Nat. Ver. Trencsiner Comitates, 1891, p. 81, pi. 7, f. 3), de- scribed as probably from Japan ; but that species has a narrower aperture very like that of B. cantori, and is a more slender shell than this one, with the aperture and diameter less than one-third the length of the shell, while in var. omiensis these measurements ex-
O •*
ceed one-third. B. e. omiensis is a narrower shell than B.japonicus, with an additional whorl and folded columella. The peristome and parietal callus are more developed than in B. reinianus.
Buliminus callistoderma, n. sp.
Shell rimate, thin, conic, somewhat translucent, of a brownish olive color; somewhat glossy, densely gramdose in spiral series. Spire rather straightly conic; apex obtuse, Whorls of, convex, the last a little ascending in front, swollen, convex beneath. Aperture irregularly ovate ; peristome thin, expanded ; columellar margin di- lated, reflexed above; parietal callus a mere translucent film, not tuberculate or thickened near the posterior angle.
Length 10, diam. 5.5, length of aperture 4.9 mm.
Ogasawara Shima (Bonin I.), Japan (Y. Hirase).
Quite unlike other Japanese or Loo Choo species in its short, conic form, the. small number of whorls, thin shell, and densely granulose
surface.
(To be continued.)
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON PLANORBIS CORPTJLENTUS SAY.
BY BRYANT AVALKER.
Dr. E. W. Hubbard, of Elyria, Ohio, whose catalogue of shells of that State was published at an early date, and who there cites P. cor- pulentits as one of the species represented in his collection, was a grandfather of Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa. Mr. Clapp has kindly sent to me for examination two sets of Planorbis from Dr. Hubbard's collection, labeled P. corpnlentits, one from Elyria, the other without locality. Both are P. trivolvis and do not differ from that species as usually found. This unexpected verification of the
34 THE NAUTILUS.
misconception of Say's species, entertained by the early collectors, is bolh interesting and valuable.
My attention lias been also recently called to the fact that Tryon first formally differentiated the west coast form from P. corpulenlus as P. binneyi, in his review of Binney's " Land and Fresh-Water Shells," Part II, in the Am. Jour, of Conch., Ill, p. 197 (1867). This citation should, therefore, be added to the bibliography appended to my article in the April NAUTILUS.
The following typographical errors in that article should also be corrected :
In foot-note on page 134 delete the words " part of." Also for " Say," in lines one and three, read "Jay."
On page 136, in the quotation from Mr. Whiteaves' letter, for " five " read " fine."
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE FAMILY DIPLO- DONTID^E. By W. H. Ball (Extracted from the Jour, of Conch. Vol. IX. pp. 244-246, Oct. 1899). Dr. Dall says: "The family Diplodontidge comprises the genera Felania, Diplodonta, Unyulina and JoannisieUa. The Cryptodontidre which have been by some au- thors united with this group, possess very remarkable anatomical characters, and should be kept separate. JoannisieUa has long been confounded with Cyrenoides, from which much misconception has arisen. The former is a brackish water Diplodonta with a flattened foot, the latter belongs to a distinct group. The typical Felania is close to Diplodonta, but many Luc.inoid shells have been mistakenly referred to Felania.
East American Species.
Diplodonta punctata Say (Ampltidesina). Syn. D. reneznelensis Dkr. D. janeirensis Rve., D. subylobosa C. B. Ads. D. braziliensis Mittre, D. orbella Gabb, Mysia pellucida Heilp. Cape Hatteras to South Brazil.
Diplodonta nuclei form is Wagner. Syn. D. elevata Conr., D. car- olinense Conr. Coast of the Carolinas, 15-52 fathoms ; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.
Section Felaniella Dall, 1899.
Diplodonta candeana Orb. Marco, Florida, to Brazil. Diplodonta vilardiboana Orb. Brazil and Argentine coasts.
Section Phyctiderma Dall, 1899.
Diplodonta soror C. B. Ads. Jamaica, north to the Florida Keys and Texas ; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.
THE NAUTILUS. 35
Diplodonta semiaspera Phil. Syn. D. grannlosa C. B. Ads., L. semireticulata Orb. Cape Hatteras to Rio Janeiro, Brazil ; fossil in the Pliocene of Florida.
Diplodonta puncturella Dall, n. sp. Jamaica ; fossil in the Oli- gocene, Bovvden, Jamaica.
Diplodonta platensis Dall n. sp. In 11 fathoms off Rio de la Plata.
Section Splxere.lla Conrad.
Diplodonta verrilli Dall, = D. turgida V. & 8., 1881, not Conr. 1848. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to N. Carolina, in 15-G9 fathoms.
West American Species.
Diplodonta orbella Gould. (Sphaerefla tumida Conr. Ms.) Brit- ish Columbia to Lower California.
Diplodonta tellinoides Reeve. Panama to Guayaquil.
Diplodonta discrepans Cpr. Mazatlan.
Diplodonta subquadrata Cpr. !Not D. subquadrata Gabb, but perhaps D. undata Cpr. Cape St. Lucas to Acapulco and Maz- atlan.
Section Felamella Dall.
Diplodonta obliqua Phil. (Lucina calculus Reeve). Cape St. Lucas, Mazatlan.
Diplodonta cornea Reeve. Gulf of Nicoya.
Diplodonta sericata Reeve. Felania sericata Cpr. Gulf of Cal- ifornia.
Diplodonta nitens Reeve. Gulf of Guayaquil.
Section Pltlyctiderma Dall.
Diplodonta ccelata Reeve. Bay of Guayaquil. Diplodonta semirtigosa Dall, n. n. = D. semiaspera Cpr. not Philippi. Gulf of California.
DlE CONCHYLIEN DER PATAGONISCHEN FORMATION. By H.
von Ihering. (Neues Jahrbuch Hir Mineralogie, Geol. und Pa I aeon. Bd. II, pp. 1-46, taf. I, II, 189D.) There are recorded from this for- mation 69 species. 9 new species are described, followed by general observations on the formation and fauna.
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OK INDIA, Vol. II., pt. 9. By Lieut. -Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen. The part now before us continues the account of the Zonitidee, a large part of both text and plates relating to the soft anatomy of the various forms. The groups Macroclilantys, Eurycltlamys (n. e.-g.), Ratnadvipia (n. s.-g), Eu- plectfi, Girasia, Austenia, Microcystina, Microci/stis, Manilla, Ben- sonia, Hauyhtonia (n. s.-g.), Nilffira, Ariophanta, KJiasiella (n. ?.-g) are treated in more or less detail.
In so large an amount of new and interesting information, only a few points can be specially mentioned.
In Macroclilamys pedina the spermatheca was found to contain not less than seven spermatophores ; and the morphology of the
36 THE NAUTILUS.
spermatophore in various Indian genera is discussed at some length. The value of this organ in classification is stated to he not inconsid- erable, as it is subject to modification probably generic in constancy. In Euplecta semidecussata the vagina (or tree oviduct) is swollen above its union with the. spermatheca duct, the author interpreting this structure as a provision for retaining the ova, and terming it the "ovitheca."1 In treating of Maricslla, Godwin-Austen adopts CockerelPs suggestion that the M. dusstnnieri was from Mahe on the southwest coast of Peninsular India, not Mahe, one of the Seychelles. The genus is shown to be closely allied to Glrasia.
By restricting several parts of his work to Zonitid anatomy, a quantity of data invaluable to other workers in this difficult group has been amassed, although, as Godwin-Austen modestly points out, the time for definite classification of the whole group lias not yet arrived.— H. A. P.
GENERAL NOTES.
AGE OF DEPOSIT UNDERLYING Los ANGELES, CAL. — The dis- covery of the remains of a species of Radiolites, R. Hamlini Stearns, in the Third Street Tunnel clays in the city of Los Angeles, of which we have been informed, is of exceeding interest through its bearing on the question of I he geologic age of the region, which has been in doubt (Of. NAUTILUS, June, 1'JOO, p. 15). The Rarliolit.es is a Cretaceous form ami not heretofore reported from the west coast.
ERRATA. — For '' vertical " in the sixth line of the second para- graph, page 3 of the May number, read " ventral." In the next paragraph, fourth line, after the word ligaments, read "is" instead of "are."
LISTS or RECENT MOLLUSCA. — Messrs Sowerby & Fulton have issued a series of lists of recent mollusks, enumerating a large num- ber (11,300) of the known species of most of the genera, classified according to late authorities. They are well and accurately printed,
e
and collectors will find them useful and interesting.
To A SLUG. (IN ALCOHOL.)
Hail, Limax ! — clammy, slimy thing, Poor houseless wretch, of thee I sing! Though ended is thy earthly run, Thy glory is but yet begun. For Science, with obtrusive pride, Will keep intact thy mortal hide And suffer thee, for future gain, In best of spirits to remain. Oakland, CaL, Apr. 15, 1900. H. H. BRUENN.
Perhaps '' ootheca" would be better, ovitheca being a hybrid word.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XIV. AUGUST, 1900. No. 4.
A NEW MUREX FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY W.M. H. BALL.
Murex petri Dall, n. sp.
Shell solid, when perfect with an acute produced apex of four or five whorls, followed by lour ordinary whorls ; nepionic shell with convex shouldered whorls with up to six rounded varices, spirally sculptured with rather prominent threads ; color of the shell purplish- brown more or less minutely mottled or articulated with paler spots; surface with obsolete flattish spiral threads stronger on the backs of the varices, and, when perfect, also showing very minute spiral stria- tion ; whorls between the varices with a single not very prominent knob ; varices flattish, with five or six projecting points or digita- tions separated by shallow emarginations and slightly excavated on the forward face ; these projections are not recurved ; anterior face of the varices covered with profuse crinkled imbricating lamella? ; a marked sulcus between the anterior digitation and the canal ; aper- rure ovate, thickened with a projecting yellowish margin without any dentiform process; the interior shows about six nodular denticles on the anterior two-thirds of the outer lip ; canal clor-ed, rather long, sharply curved to the right ; Ion. of shell Go, lat. 32 ; of aperture Ion. 1 .").<;, lat. 1 l.o mm.
Habitat, San Pedro, in rather deep water. Mr. and Mrs. Old- royd.
This shell belongs to a group of Murices which is exceptionally developed on the Pacific coast ; having three varices and sometimes a basal tooth projecting from the margin of the aperture. Those
38 THE NAUTILUS.
with the tooth belong to the genus Pterorhytis Conrad (long called Cerostoma) and those without a tooth have had various names applied to them 1'rom Ocinebra to Pteropurpura. Of the allied species M. caltfornicus has scaly spirals of three sizes, ending in sharply pointed channelled recurved varical digitations ; M. trialatus Sovverby has dark brown and white color bands, the shoulder of the whorls ex- cavated, the large posterior digitation of the varires curved toward the apex of the shell, and the varix has no anterior sulcus next the canal. M. carpenteri Dall, is nearly smooth, thinner than the others, and with no knobs between the varices on the whorls. All have similar opercula of muricoid type.
A NEW LAMPSILIS FROM ARKANSAS.
BY JAMES H. FERRISS.
Lampsilis Simpsoni.
Shell sub-solid, elongated, slightly obovate, narrowed in front, and rather evenly rounded at both ends, somewhat inflated, having the greatest diameter at the middle and gradually tapering each way to the ends, feebly gaping at the anterior base and behind, beaks rather low but distinct, their sculpture consisting of ill defined, irregular subnodulous corrugations; epidermis well developed, in the young specimens projecting beyond the shell all around, slightly concentri- cally wrinkled, and showing the rough irregular growth lines; tawny with green rays and coppery beaks in the young, brownish or black- ish in the old state ; posterior ridge well marked in the earlier stages of growth. Hinge line evenly curved ; pseudo cardinals reduced to mere stumpy vestiges ; there are two feeble, remote laterals in the left valve and one in the right ; epidermal matter folded in along the hinge line ; anterior cicatrices rather deep, irregular; posterior cica- trices shallow ; nacre shaded violet, bluish and coppery, iridescent behind. Length 95, height 50, diameter 32 millimeters. Spring River, Hardy, Arkansas.
This specimen seems to stand between Lampsilis tenuissimus and L. gracilis. The former is more compressed, has a stronger posterior ridge, is1, pointed behind, and is inflated at or just behind the center •of the base, and gaps more decidedly behind. It has something the form of certain specimens of L. gracilis, but is more elongated and
THE NAUTILUS.
39
straighter on the basal line. Three specimens were obtained, one adult, which is probably a male, and two young shells. The latter are very different from young gracills^ having the epidermis well projected around the border of the shell, and the outlines of the adult state.
To help commemorate the memory of one who has given nearly a life work towards perfecting the history of the humble clam, I name this in honor of Clias. T. Simpson of the National Museum. Types in my own collection.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTICES OF NEW AMERICAN SNAILS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Gastrodonta intertexta volus'.se, n. var.
Shell small, thin and fragile, siibtranslucent, pale brown, somewhat glossy, tlie surface decussated by impressed spirals cutting fine but sharp stria? above, smoother but still decussate below ; rather widely perforate. Whorls 5-^, the earlier 1^ smooth, last whorl slightly angular at the periphery, quite convex beneath. Aperture without the slightest trace of callus within. Alt. 5, diam. 8 mm.
Near "Mount Taylor," an aboriginal mound on the St. John's River, south of Volusia, Volusia Co., Florida ; coll. by Pilsbry & Johnson. Types no 7,T,769 coll. A. N. S. P.
This shell differs from intertexta in the very small size, fragile texture, and total lack of an internal callus within the last whorl near the aperture. Some 56 specimens collected agree in these characters ; and as I have seen no intermediate specimens, the form may prove be specific. However, the St. John's valley is deficient in lime ; the land shells are in some other cases quite thin for their species, a fact which has its weight. But in the Tanners- ville valley of the Catskills, a sandstone region where snails are rare and actually eat each other's shells for lime, the intertexta I found still had the characteristic callus within the mouth. Alexia myosotis marylandica, n. v:ir.
Inner lip triplicate ; outer lip with a conical tooth at its upper third, below which, it is thickened by a callous rib.
Mouth of St. Leonard's Creek, Patuxent River, Maryland, col- lected by Charles "NV. Johnson. Pyramidula Elrodi, n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, much depressed and acutely keeled, moderately solid. Spire but slightly convex ; whorls 5, the first smooth, the next 1^ rather convex, finely and regularly ribbed, the following whorls flattened, impressed above an acute keel which fills the suture, the last two whorle very strongly, irregularly ribbed, the ribs running with growth-lines, wrinkle-like ; last whorl with an acute peripheral keel, pinched and concave above and beloiv it, the keel of the preceding whorl projecting more or less above the suture ; base convex, heavily ribbed, the umbilicus large and funnel- shaped. Aperture oblique, irregularly oval, angular at position of
THE NAUTILUS. 41
the keel ; peristome simple, the margins converging; parietal callus short and rather thin.
Alt, 9, diam. 21-22 mm.
Mission Mountains, Montana (Prof. M. J. Elrod).
This species holds toward P. strigosa a relationship like that of P. cumberlandiana toward P. alternata. Except in being more widely umbilicated and with a wider last whorl, it would be well resresented by the published figures of Epiphragmophora circum- carinata (Stearns). The ribs are less regular than in the typical form of P. idahoensis, but are equally strong. None of the wonder- ful series of strigosa varieties discovered by Hemphill approach this form ; which could not, with present information, be considered a sub-species of strigosa. It is, like idahoensis and haydeni, doubtless the terminal member in a differentiation-series from the strigosa stock, but the connecting links are wanting tn the recent fauna, so far as present collections show.
It is named in honor of Prof. M. J. Elrod, of the University of Montana.
Helicodiscus Eigenmanni u. sp.
Shell similar to If. lineatus, but attaining a much greater size, the umbilicus much smaller in comparison with the diameter of the shell. Whorls 4| to 5, strongly lirate spirally. Aperture more lunate, embracing more of the preceding whorl, usually armed with a pair of small teeth within, as in //. lineatus. Umbilicus rather deep and cup-shaped. Alt. 1.9, diam. 4.8 mm., umbilicus 2 mm. wide.
Beaver Cave, near San Marcos, Hays Co., Texas.
This species was collected by Dr. C. II. Eigenmann, the well- known writer on fish morphology.
The specimens are very uniform in character, differing markedly from the common and wide-spread H. lineatus. The latter shows but little variation throughout its enormous range, and so far as I can see from a very large series, there is nowhere a tendency to be- come more narrowly umbilicated. The present form has been found only in the cave mentioned above, and may possibly be a modifica- tion induced by underground life, although until the immediate sur- roundings of the cave are searched, it would be unsafe to more than suggest this. I find only the ordinary H. lineatus from other Texan localities. Nothing like H. Eigenmanni occurred to me at San Antonio, New Braunfels, or Austin.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
DESCRIPTION OF A LAND SHELL FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Eurytus Couturesi. Anc.
Testa ovata, tenuiuscnla, subimperforata, nitidnla, sub epidermide tenui virenti vel luteo-fusca, plus niinusve decidua, sordide purpurea. Spira brevis, obtusa., apice fusco-purpurea, ad summum rotundate sub- conoidea. Anfractus 4, celeriter crescentes, convexiusctili, sutura impn ssa, striis incrementi notati et minute granulati ; penultimus ad dextram tumidnlus ; ultimus post mediam partem longe deflexus, malleatus et minutissime granulosus, striis ad suturam pliculosis. Apertura fere vertical!?, irregulariter ovalis, siiperne angulosa, plica columellari callosn proedita, intus livide purpurea. Peristoma undique revolutum et incrassatum, roseo-purpureum, marginibus callo nitido juuctis, columellari ad insertionem paululum dilatato.
Long. 38, diam. 22, alt. apert. cum peristomate 22 mill.
Hab. Bolivia (teste G. Coutures).
This is more egg-shaped than either E. piilicarius or E. cathcartice, Reeve, which seem to be its immediate allies. In form it resembles E. cardinal-is Pfr., from Quito, but is a smaller and much thinner shell. I have seen two specimens precisely alike, differing only in size ; the larger one, the type, is in my collection.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ASIATIC SPECIES.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
1. Limicolaria oviformis, Anc.
Testa obtecte minuteque rimata, obtuso-oblonga, solida, opacula, nitida, sub epidermide decidua pallide stramineo-lutescente, griseo- lactea strigisque pallide fuscis exilibusque in medianis aufractibus variegata vel flammulata. Spira oblonga, relative parum attenuata, apice valde obtusa. Anfractus 7 convexi, regulariter et lente cres- centes, sutura satis impressa, subirregulari ; striis incrementi aliisque spiralibus paulo inter se distantioribus regulariter decussata ; ultimus
THE NAUTILUS. 43
oblongus, rotundatus, post medium loevigatus (striis spiralibus evanidis). Apertura subobliqua, oblongo-angustata, albida. Col- umella reflexa, incrassata, fere recta. Peristoma rectum, acutum, margine extero antrorsum hand arcuato.
Long. 44, lat. 21, alt. apert. 18£ mill.
Hub. Mountains above Aden, Arabia (Jousseaume).
This is a Limicolaria of tlie typical African group and bears no relation lo the species hitherto known from the opposite coast of the Somalis, like L. Revoili, Bourg., Armundi, Bourg., etc. It is re- markable in being very obtuse and of an oblong shape. The mark- ings are but faint, at least as far as the original specimen is con- cerned. 2. Buliminus (Petrceus) Pilsbryanus Anc.
Bulimus Jonsseaumei, Bourg., in coll.; not Buliminus Jouss- eaumei, E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. 8oc., Vol. I., part 4, p. 142 (1894).
Testa oblonga, clause rimata (rima obliqua, basi arcuata), Candida, statu omnino recenti verisimiliter pallide iuteotincta, solidiuscula, nitida. Spira conideo-oblonga, apice minuto, obtusiusculo, Isevigato. Anfractus 7^ convexiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura pa rum profunda discreti, superiores confertim oblique costulati, sculpt ura in sequentibus debiliore, in inferioribus obsolescent! et proeterea lineis spiralibus numerosis indistinctis sub valida lend passim impressa; ultimus postice tonvexus, ad dextram excentricus, versus aperturam breviter ascendens, circa rim am impressus et obtuse subangulatus. Apertura fere recta, superne oblique limata, irregulariter subovata, ad dextram excentrica, ad marginem columellarum leviter oblique rectiuscula, extus valde convexa. Peristoma crassum, callosum, continuum, valide labiatum, planiusculum, latum, undique reflexum. Columella oblique recta, subsinuosa, intus plica valida in dentum acutum desinenti munita. Margines approximate, callo crasso juncti.
Long. 21, lat 10^, long, apert. (perist. incluso) 10 ; long, ejusd. (peristom. excluso G^); diam. ejusd. (peristom. incluso) 8 ; diam. ejusd. (sine peristomate) 4^ mill.
Mountains of Yemen, above Aden, Southern Arabia (Dr. Jous- seaume).
44 THE NAUTILUS.
SOME NAMES WHICH MUST BE DISCAEDED.
BY WM. H. DALL.
Iii January, 1853, Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach., p. 114) insti- tuted the genus Gistella for Terebratula cuneata of Risso and allied forms. This name has been generally adopted and, in the last re- vision of the Brachiopods by Schuchert, is not credited with any synonyms. But in 1848, Gistel, in his Naturgeschichte des Thier- reichs, p. xi, proposed the name Oistella for a group of Insects. For the Brachiopod, therefore, I propose the name Aryyrotheca, with the same type.
The name Euryla was proposed for a subgenus of Terebra, by H. and A. Adams in 1858, and is in general use, but Euryta had already been used for an acaleph by Gistel, in 1848, and must therefore be rejected. In its place I would propose Mazatlania. In 1876 Jef- freys proposed Glomus for a remarkable bivalve allied to Leda, but he had also been preceded by Gistel, who had proposed the name Glomus for a beetle (Naturg. p. xi, 1848). The genus may take the name of Pristigloma,
The dismemberment of the heterogeneous Linnean genus Patella was one of the first tasks of naturalists after the publication of the Systema Naturas. The first author to undertake this necessary work has been generally overlooked. This was Modeer, who in 1793 (K. vetensk. Akad. nya Handl. xiv, pp. 110-111) divided the true limpets from those with internal septa or processes and gave to the latter group, with a proper diagnosis, the name of Gheilea. This group was subsequently divided by authors who, however, omitted to reserve any portion of the original genus Gheilea to preserve the name, as required -by the. rules of nomenclature. On the five species cited as examples by Modeer, four genera were instituted by Hum- phrey (after Hwass) in 1797, two belonging to his genus Crypta, more generally known as Grepidula. In 1799 Lamarck made two subdivisions with new names for three of the species, and added a third in 1809. Ferussac added a synonym to one of Humphrey's names in 1807, and Schumacher did the same in 1817, while a subgeneric name was proposed by Morch, for one of the two Crepidulas, in 1852. What name must we now reject, to reinstate
NAUTILUS. 45
Cheilea in its rights? There was no diagnosis given with Hum- phrey's names, only lists of species. Passing them over, we find Lamarck eliminated Crepidula and Galyptrcea with proper diag- noses, though his CaJyptrcea comprised species of two genera. He left behind a single species, which, if Lamarck had been the first to divide the genus, would have kept the name Cheilea. On the other hand, he included in his genus Ccdyptrcea, a species he should have omitted. The first was named Septaria bv Ferussac in 1807, and this left only one genus included in the original Cheilea un- named. This was called Mitrularia by Schumacher in 1817, but in our opinion this name must be rejected for that, of Modeer, which should be adopted for the group represented by the Patella equestris of Linnaeus.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
MOLLUSCA OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS. By Henry A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, pp. 110-150. This is the most interesting faunal list the writer has seen in a long while. It results from the explorations of Messrs. Pilsbry, Ferriss, Bryant Walker, Clapp and Sargent in July and August, 1899, along the Tennessee-North Carolina boundary, among the valleys and on the peaks of the Great Smoky Mountains. In all, fifty-six species of terrestrial mollusca were obtained, among which Gastrodonta ivalkeri, Punctum blandianum, and several varieties of different species are described as new. Two things are especially noticeable, one the abundance of endemic species and varieties, the other the absence of many species which one is accustomed to regard as universally dis- tributed in the mountains of this continent. Of course more of the latter may yet be found, but it cannot be purely accidental that the party came upon no Vitrina, no Pupa, only one Vertigo, and that very rare, only one Bifidaria, also rare, and no Vallonia! In some cases widely -distributed species are represented by segregates which have attained specific rank ; thus in place of Vitrea indent ata there is an abundance of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherlyi, Ckll. ined.) intermediate between indentata and carolinensis proper, the exact locality of which is unfortunately unknown. In the case
46 THE NAUTILUS.
of Polygyra tridentata the differentiation lias not gone so far, so that while Dr. Pilsbry describes a mountain race with a more or less double basal tooth, he hesitates to give it a name. Throughout the paper the author, while naming a number of local races, shows a natural reluctance to recognize in the nomenclature all the incipient species which his studies have brought to light. As with the mam- mals in the hands of Merriam, Allen, Rhoads and others, abundant specimens with exact data have proved what the older authors did not expect ; that everywhere segregation is going on, and that the recognizable species and subspecies are far more numerous than we had been led to suppose. Lord Salisbury's statement of a fewr years ago, that nobody had seen evolution actually going on in nature, ap- pears absurd to the modern zoologist or botanist. Even the attitude of those who do not believe in varietal nomenclature or the recogni- tion of subspecies has changed. Thus Dr. Skinner, who from sundry published opinions might be regarded as a " lumper," is familiar with and has represented in his Splendid collection of butter- flies more geographical races than entomologists dream of; and I believe he will admit that if i;e were converted to the policy of splitting, he might produce a work which would astonish us all.
The writer of this notice believes that detailed studies like those of Dr. Pilsbry are of the highest importance, from a philosophical point of view, and that until zoologists are prepared to recognize the wonderful complexity and variety of living forms, they cannot hope to understand the larger problems of biology. And it seems to him, furthermore, that we should be rational enough to weigh and con- sider all characters, not merely those which strike the eye. We think of the Sandwich Island Achatinellidre as being wonderfully diverse., because their diversity is largely that of bright colors and pretty patterns. Why may not the less conspicuous diversity of our simply-colored snails be just as real, and just as worthy of recog- nition by students of molluscan life?
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
THE ARMATURE OF HELICOID LAND SHELLS, by G. K. Gude (Science Gossip). Mr. Gude has now brought to completion his long series of articles on the genera Plectopylis and Gorilla, giving a synopsis and key to the former group, a discussion of its geographic
THE NAUTILUS. 47
range, and a much-needed index, as the papers extend over a period of several years. A classification into seven sections is offered. These seem in all cases to be excellently founded groups, and de- cidedly useful in classifying some 7o species which now compose the genus. Few if any groups of Helices of similar extent have been so well monographed. The workman-like manner of the per- formance shows Mr. Gude to be an acute observer artel clear expositor. He is a welcome recruit to the first rank of Helicologists.
LIST OF SHELLS collected l>y Verm on Bailey in Heron and Eagle Lakes, Minnesota, with notes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXII, p. 135- 138. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF HALIOTIS FROM CALI- FORNIA, with faanal and geographical notes, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. XXII, pp. 139-142. By R. PL C. Stearns, Ph. D. The first list enumerates some 18 species, all aquatic except Succinea ovalis GId., reported from the shore of Heron Lake. A number of noteworthy variations of Limmcea emarginata from Eagle Lake are discussed, shouldered, lirate, patulous and variously distorted forms occurring. The second paper describes Haliotis fid gens walallensis (Nautilus, XII, no. 9).
GENEEAL NOTES.
SHELLS OF LAS VEGAS, N. M — We have received from Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell another small lot from this locality, collected by Miss Mary Cooper, and including the following species : Vitrina pfeijferi Newc. Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Bijidaria armifera (Say). 'Bijidaria procera (Gld.). Pupa blandi (Morse). Planor- bis dejlectus Say. Pisidiam compression Pme,
Dr. Rudolph Bergh discusses the anatomy of various Tecti- branches in the part of the Malacologisehe Untersuchungen, Vol. VII., just issued. He adopts the erroneous spelling Haminaa for Haminea, and retains it in the Bullida, where it does not belong. An excellent account of the anatomy of H. cornea Lam. follows. Cryptophthalmus follows, also referred to the Bullidce, and the anatomy is now first described. The genus Chelidonura is described anatomically, and referred for the first time to the family DoridiidtK, doubtless correctly. This is a most interesting discovery. The
48 THE NAUTILUS.
genera Lobiger and Lophocercits are then discussed. The anatomy of Akera bullata and of a new Pacific species of Phyllaplysia is also described.
NOTE ON A NEAV ABYSSAL LIMPET. Under the name of Bathysciadium conicum Dantzenberg and H. Fischer have described* a new deep-water limpet which combines some curious characters. The specimens are simply conical with radiating riblets and an al- most membraneous shell, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. and a height of 0.9 mm. Some anatomical details are given by Dr. Pelseneer in a note appended to the description. The animal was obtained from the beak of a cuttlefish dredged by the Prince of Monaco off the Azores in 843 fathoms.
Like Lepeta it' is without eyes or ctenidia, the respiration being carried on by the surface of the mantle. The muzzle appears to be without lappets, the right tentacle has an appendix like that of Cocculina (supposed to be a degenerate verge), there are no posterior filaments ; an unpaired mandible and long radula are present, the nervous system is that of the Docoglossa, and the otoliths are single.
Dr. Pelseneer regards the genital gland (otherwise strictly deco- glossate) as hermaphrodite, a condition so exceptional, and, consider- ing the minute size of the animal, so difficult to determine, that judgment may fairly be suspended pending further confirmation of it. The radula as figured leads to the belief -that except in the absence of the rhachidian tooth (often degenerate in abyssal lim- pets) the teeth are like those of Lepetella ; the major lateral being broken into three pieces which have been taken for three separate teeth by the author cited. If this suspicion be correct, the formula is 1 + 2.0.2 + 1, for a transverse series of the radula. The creature will be the first true limpet (Docoglossa) to show any trace of a verge, and if really hermaphrodite, the first to exhibit this charac- ter. The single otolith is very likely correlated with the small size of the animal. The genus will stand next to Lepetella among the Abranchiate Docoglossa — WM. H. DALL, (Science, June 8).
* Bull. Soc. Zooi. de France, xxiv., p. 207.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XIV. SEPTEMBER, 19OO. No. 5.
THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS.
BY JAMES II. FERRISS.
There was a general round-up of the snails in the Smokies last summer. When the roll of diggers was called at Cades Cove, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry answered to his name, and so did Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittshurg, Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Prof. H. A. Sargent, of Ann Arbor, and I did too. Prof. A. G. Wetherby and Mrs. M. L. An- drews intended to be with our party until the very last moment. The year before, I made the trip as far as Mirey Ridge with Mr. Clapp. With this exception it was my first excursion in company with up-to-date scientists. I have made four trips to the Smoky Mountains and expect to go again this year. On two occasions short stops were made at Burnside, Kentucky, on the Cumberland; at Oakdale, Tennessee, on the Emery ; Lookout Mountain, at Chatta- nooga, and a side trip to the Little Tennessee, at Caringer post-office, or Talassee Ford, and one trip was made into the Unaka range. The Smoky Mountains on the north of the Little Tennessee and the "Tuaka range on the south (not the Unakas near Eoan Mountain), form the boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina.
The readers of the NAUTILUS, I am sure, will be pleased to know something of this party. Briefly in ages, its members ran from 35 to 50; at least 1 am that high, but they are boys still, and can climb more trees and wade streams worse than ever. Mr. Walker, an at- torney, and Mr. Clapp, a business man, I think the handsomest members of the party ; and their dispositions, their patience, their interest in the comfort of others really approach the domain of the
50 THE NAUTILUS.
angels, and when Mr. Blair, our mountain host, was with the party it made three of them. Mr. Clapp can suffer more and complain less than any entirely earthly being. When lame enough to put an ordinary man in a .hospital he will sprinkle on a little talcum pow- der, keep up with the procession and never say a word. Mr. Walker did not sleep the night after our party separated because Sargent and I were out on the mountains without blankets, and the heathen, the two of us, at that very time were as near the happy hunting grounds, both in altitude and spirit, as we may ever be; with a bed of dry moss and a roaring fire at our feet, we slept sweetly as doves, under a massive balsam in the prettiest park I ever saw in the mountains. The next morning we got over 80 Polygyra Ferrissi each, and three were albinos.
For industry, zeal and business (shell business), Sargent and Pilsbry are not to be excelled. Sargent always hunts longer and gets more than any other, and Pilsbry, after a hard day's digging, was ready to clean up my catch any time I would bake biscuit. Not one was a believer in ghosts. It was the most sensible, kindly, lovable collection possible. A sad day came when the company sep- parated. Dr. Pilsbry then borrowed soda of a herder and attempted to bake his own biscuit. He did not have any sour milk, and I think that yellow spot remains in the camp site to-day, a wonder to pass- ing herders and a puzzle to those practical mountain scientists who condense their bulky corn crop into convenient form for transporta- tion in jugs.
Cade's Cove, in Blount county, Tennessee, lying at the base of the Smokies, is 1,700 feet above the sea. It is six miles long, in some places two in width, and out of this valley are many other deep coves running up to the top of Boat and Rich mountains, 3,500 feet above the sea. This valley has been searched more than any we have visited. But last year we found four more kinds, and one of those a new variety. The soil is so fertile in shells, like the sea coast of Florida it will be good ground for many years.
With mountain friends, camp dunnage and mules, we left the set- tlement soon as possible. There was much rain, and the puncheons in the herder's cabin where we sl^pt the first two nights were very hard, but it was a light-hearted company. There were plenty of snails, and school children were never more delighted or delightful. The pleasant days we climbed the mountain sides, when Mr. Pilsbry
mi: NAUTILUS. 51
and company talked snails, geology, botany and fungi, is a memory will long live pleasantly with your humble author.
Tlmnderhead is 5,500 feet according to the government maps, and it rains there every week in my experience and it is more storm- swept than many of the higher peaks. The beech trees and buck- eyes are mere scrubs. Blockhouse mountain, of the same height, Coontown, Russell's field and other good coves were hunted over from the first camp. Then we moved along the backbone of the range to Clingman's Dome, some 15 miles farther, passing Briar Knob, the Derricks, Mirey Ridge, Siler's Bald and the Balsam, all over a mile high, and good collecting ground.
Clingman's Dome is 6,600 feet high, covered with balsam fir, and the sphagnum is so deep walking is like tramping on a spring mat- tress, and very tiresome. When away from a well-beaten trail it is difficult to walk a mile in le«s than an hour or an hour and a half. Many of the rocks were large as houses, and when we went under for rare shells we carried candles. These feed on the microscopic fungi, I suspect, growing upon the roof, and they seemed to select a roof nearly level. One of the P. ferrissi a t a time is the rule, but on Andrews Bald, afterwards, we sometimes found as many as eight on one roof. Occasionally P. clurkii, andrewsce altivaga, depilata, or a Gastrodonta lamillidens or c/appii, would be found on the same roof, but not often.
Bidding the remainder of our party and the mules farewell, as our vacation was longer. Prof. Sargent and I, with a couple of mountain friends, carrying our camp outfit upon our backs, parted company from Pilsbry, Walker and Clapp, and made a trip to Andrews Bald (5,900 feet) from Clingman, though we really started out for Mt. Collins, some 600 feet higher. On Andrews, besides ferrissi, we found our finest red andreivsce altivaya, banded with a still darker band.
The next day we retraced our steps over Clingman and the Bal- sam to Siler's Bald, where we took the Welsh Bald trail and con- tinued in a southwesterly direction in North Carolina for the next three weeks, with the exception of the two last days. Sometimes we were on the trail all day, while on other days we went only a mile or two. Sometimes we stayed several days in one place. The weather man furnished his best, and only twice were we compelled to build bark shelters to keep us dry.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
On Welsh Bald, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, we first found the new variety of Polygyra edivardsii, and from a little spring that oozed out from near the top, we found Pisidium roperi Sterki. Sargent found this in Minnesota and I luul found it in a small pool near Joliet, but the shell is still rare.
We descended to Chambers' Creek one hot afternoon, where it was only 1,500 above the sea. It was a tough slide and both of our mountain friends were sick before starting. From there Sargent made a side trip by rail to Hayesville, N. C., and I first found Poly, monodon cincta. And then and afterwards they were mostly dead and found around the basswood and buckeye trees. After a few days' rest, we crossed over to Tuskegee Creek, and in Ramp Cove, on the Tuskeegee side of the Yellow Creek Mountains, we first found Gastrodonta Walkeri Pilsbry, n new species. It was in company with significans. These mountains run up about 4,000 feet, with soil on the slopes rich as a garden.
Passing down Yellow Creek, between the Cheowah and Yellow Creek Mountains, we loaded up with green corn, sweet potatoes and other good things, as the valley is settled. Here we discovered that Poly, chrislyi has a great fondness for the shrub called poison hem- lock. The streams were swift and rocky. We found no clams and very few univalves.
At Cheowah river we were down to 1,500 feet again. Hangover and Mount Hayo, in the Unaka range, 5,200 feet, overlook the ford, and the trail we took to these peaks was up a dry pine ridge, steep as the roof of a house, and for the first time in our trip, good drinking water was a little scarce. It took us until 3 o'clock in the afternoon to get up, and all were sore and some were cross.
Every day brought new delights. One afternoon, on Bob Strat- ton's Bald, 5,400 feet (there is another peak a. few miles away called John Stratton's Bald), near Hayo, we found over 200 G. lameUidens. We found these in company with Helicodtscns tineattis, and Vitrea carolinensis, by turning over slabs of stone that lay on top of the ground, and there were sometimes a half a dozen under one stone. The general rule is one lameUidens to a dozen or two rocks. The next day, at Glen Cove, a couple of miles lower down the range, we found 130 Poly, chilhoweensis. Back on the Little Tennessee river again at Talassee ford, we again found Gastro. waJkeri at a point less than 1,000 feet above the sea — the lowest point in our trip. One of the
THE NAUTILUS. 53
mules and a good walker came to our rescue at Talassee ford and we returned to Cade's Cove, 25 miles in a day. In all we traveled about 150 miles, as measured in a straight line, besides our side trips.
There is much land for the snail hunter here. From the highest peaks we could see mountains 125 miles distant, and it was all moun- tains as far as we could see in three directions, and over much of this roughness no specimen hunter has traveled.
In the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. Pilsbry has given one of his best reports on the shells of this region. I will, therefore, give merely the list with little more than locality. A number of varieties have been added by Mr. Pilsbry, but not enough.
10. Helicina occidta (Say). Rowan Creek in Cade's Cove, 5^ mm., farthest record south.
G7. Poly, pustuloides (Bid.). Talassee Ford, 2 first trip.
90. Poly, tridentata (Say). A double-toothed variety. Rose flats in Cade's Cove, Welsh Bald, Talassee Ford.
91. Poly, fraudulenta (Pils.). One only, 13 mm. Welsh Bald, Swain Co., N. C.
96. Poly, rugeli (Shuttl.). Everywhere 9 to 15 mm. (Two kinds here sure, the big one is a dirty fellow.)
97. Poly, inflecta (Say). Tuckaleeche Cove.
105. Poly, prof undo, (Say). One on Slick Rock Creek in the Unakas in 1898.
lOGa. Poly, chilhoweensis (Lewis). Cade's Cove, Block House, Mirey Ridge, Clingman's Dome, Yellow Creek Mountains, Unakas, Talassee Ford, 27^ to 40 mm.
109. Poly, alholalris (Say). Rose Flats in Cade's Cove, Yellow Creek, Cheowah Mountain, 3,400 ft., Cheowah River, Slick' Rock Creek (Monroe County, Tenn.). Found in dry situations, dry mountain tops, 32 to 35 mm.
110. Poly, exoleta (Binn.). Cade's Cove, Thunderhead, Glen Cove, Talassee Ford.
116. Poly, ferrissi (Pils.). Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Andrew's Bald, Welsh Bald. We found only three in two days on Welsh Bald, but got 160 in half a day on Andrew's. I offered to exchange a dozen of these shells with a dealer at the rate of $6 per dozen. After we had been in Ferrissi territory a couple of days my expert brethren held a council of war and called me down. They said the price
54 THE NAUTILUS.
should certainly be high as a dollar each. The next day they raised it to $3 and before we parted they said, taking the rarity and beauty of the shell and the difficulties of finding it all into consideration, the price should be $5 and railroad fare paid to the spot. Our experi- ence at Andrews would tend to lower this price, but Andrews is 25 miles from civilization, the miles are wild ones, and whoever starts out to hunt ferrissi on speculation, I still believe will earn his money.
118. Poly, paliiata (Say). Cade's Cove, Russell Field, Chamber's Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Slick Rock Creek, Talassee Ford.
119d. Poly, appressa periyrapta (Pils.) all along the route.
121. Poly, clarki ( Lea). General in deep coves but sparingly, 18mm.
123a. Poly, andrewsce normalis n. var. (I3ils.). Mr. Pilsbry has added two varieties to andreirsce and some day there may be others. Those on Thunderhead (altivaga) approached the small, thin, green- ish, smoky type, but many are banded. They measure 22 to 24 diameter. The types I have from Roan Mountain are 20 to 23. Normalis finds its way to the lower altitudes, 1,000 ft., and appar- ently thrives as well as upon Mirey Ridge or Bobs Bald, and it is quite generally distributed — Cade's, Welsh Bald, Chamber's Creek, Tuskeegee, Yellow Creek, Slick Rock, Citico Creek and Talassee Ford. It has been white or russet colored so far, and the largest with the highest spires were found on Mirey Ridge at an elevation of 4,500 and on Citico Creek at 3,000. The largest measures 40 mm. diameter, 25 altitude (Citico), 38| diameter, 24 altitude (Mirev). Usually 31 to 35 diameter, occasionally with a small tooth on parietal wall. Sociable and active. The best traveler in the
range.
123b. Poly, andrewsce ultivaga (Pils.). n. var. Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman's Dome, Andrew's Bald. We did not find this after leaving this range, and it was always at the mountain top or the nearest basswood and buckeye belt, under stones or moss. On Mirey Ridge only, it occupies the same territory with normalis, but not often found in the grass or in the open. Unless further divided its colors are white, greenish or smoky white, cherry red. and both colors sometimes banded with a darker red band as in profunda. Sometimes there is an additional line at the suture and some are half and half, dark above and light below. (Mirey, N. C. side.) 22 to
Till-; NAUTILUS. 55
25 diam. Largest red colored forms were found on Andrews but our stay was short and we found hut few. Tliis variety is more often toothed than normal is. In some localities 43 per cent, had teeth on the parietal wall. About ^ are banded. On one slope of Mirey Ridge all were white, upon another all half and halt, and upon another a fourth were red, the others white and banded. Upon Clingman and Andrews the choice "rediis" were the most common. This variety furnishes the most entertainment and has caused more shouting and singing and expressions of joy and perplexity of any in the Smokies.
1-24. Poly, t/iyroides (Say). Welsh Bald, Chamber's Creek, Tal- assee Ford.
125. Poly, chinsa (Say). Talassee Ford.
126. Poly, wheatleyi (Bid). All along the route in very damp situations.
This is the most variable shell of this region. At Cade's the meas- urements were 16 to 18 mm. diam. All dentate, all hirsute, large flar- ing lip and a few were albinos. The same measurements prevailed at Block House. On Clingnian they dropped back to 13 and 14 diam. and some were not toothed or hirsute and quite globose, with narrow lip. At Welsh Bald we found part of both. At Tuskeegee and Cheowah all wen- small and only partially dentate or hirsute. Ascending Mt. Hayo, we again found the 13 mm. variety up the sides and at the top. Two miles further we found on Bobs Bald a large variety I first supposed to be ferrissii. It was not hirsute but deeply sculptured and 2 or 3 were dentate. 23 mm. On our return to Cade's in Brannon's Cove, we again found the small globose form, the smallest being only 12 mm.
127. Poly, cln-islyi (Bid.). Cade's Cove, Tuskeegee Creek, Cheo- wah river, in flat ground near streams.
136a. Poly, edvardsi magnifumosa (Pils.). n. var. Welsh Bald, Chambers' Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove. Mr. Sargent also found this at Hayesville, N. C.
138. Poly, stenotremn (Fer.). Cade's, Welsh Creek and south of Little Tennessee. At Chambers' Creek south side of Little Tennes- see and at Talassee Ford we found it measuring 13 mm.
138b. Poly, depilata (PilsA Cade's, Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Andrew's Bald and Bobs Bald. Under moss and stones.
130a. Poly. Jnrsnta pilidu (Pils.). n. var. Cade's Cove and
56 THE NAUTILUS.
Thunderhead only. Do not remember of ever finding the typical hirsuta in these mountains.
141c. Poly, monodon cincta (Lewis). Tuskeegee Creek, Yellow Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove, Talassee Ford.
180a. Strobilops Idbyrinthica strebeli (Pfr.). Cade's Cove, Yel- low Creek Mountains.
187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cade's Cove.
194. Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Cade's Cove.
225. Vertigo gouldii (Bid.). Cade's Cove.
22G. Yerti(/obollesiana( Morse). Cade's Cove. These four species very rare.
235. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull). Sugar Cove in Cade's. One specimen by Sargent.
239. Circinaria concava (Say). General. Largest 23^ diam.
246a. Omphalina fuliginosa polita (Pils.). Cade's Cove, Coon- town, Chambers' Creek, Talassee Ford. At the two last named places on the Little Tennessee the shells were as light colored as the typical fuliginosa, but polished. There were no black forms at these points.
248. Omphalina Itevigata (Pfr.). Cade's Cove, Cheowah river. Only a few found at the latter place and these were dark colored and as well polished nearly as Omp. Andrewsce. Largest 20 inm. diam., 12 altitude.
248a. Omp. IcEvigata perlczris (Pils.). n. var. Talassee Ford.
248b. Omphalina lavigata latior (Pils.). n. var. This variety has given me trouble since I saw it on my first trip to Tennessee. It is much larger than type, much depressed and a light " Melantho" blue in color. As 1 read shell music by ear, it has very little re- semblance to the typical form. The largest from Talassee Ford measured 28 diam., 10 altitude. Also found at Chambers' Creek.
250. Omphalina subplana (Binn). All along the route in damp rnoss. On the Unakes the shells were very fragile, sometimes the shell was a mere membrane but large and healthy otherwise. It is as much of a cannibal as concava. Largest (Mt. Hayo) 24 diam., 10 altitude.
252. Omplialina andrewsce (Pils.). All along the route. In Cade's Cove there is a light colored form, faintly banded with darker color. Largest 18 mm. in diam. 16 is large.
252a. Omp. Andrewsce montivaga (Pils.). Cade's Cove, Mirey
THE NAUTILUS. 57
Ridge, Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo. Largest 20| greatest diam., 1C smallest diam.
253. Vltrinizonites latlssimus (Lewis). Cade's Cove, Block House, Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Siler's Bald, Balsam, Clingman, An- drew's Bald, "Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo, moss and stones.
253a. Yilrinizonites latissimus uvidermis (Pils.). n. var. Thun- derhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman's Dome. These two often asso- ciate with the above, but not always. It is more active in its habits. The elastic shell is so thin our specimens collapsed, and in fact the shell is worn indented and crushed in by its rightful owner. It is darker and larger than the type. The largest are 19 greatest diam.
263a. Vitrea petropliila pentadelphia (Pils.). n. var. Named after the five of us. At Cade's Cove, Cheowah River and Bob's Bald ; found by mining.
270. Vitrea indentata (Say). Cade's Cove. Greatest diam. 5 mm.
271. Yit. scidptilis (Bid.). At nearly all points high or low, but never abundant. It is one of the most beautiful of mountain shells, being a warm pink in color, but from improper handling, perhaps, this beautiful tint fades away. Largest 10 diam. Binney reports
272. Vit. carolinensis (Ckll.). Generally distributed along the route, under rocks ; a brigadier indentatus. Largest 8^, found by Mr. Clapp on Mirey Ridge.
274. Vit. capsella (Gld). Cade's Cove, Chambers' Creek.
276. Vit. capsella placentula (Shuttl.). Cade's Cove.
278. Gonulus chersinus (Say). Cade's Cove, 3 in 1898.
283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). As far as Tuskeegee river and again at Talassee Ford.
287. Z. patuloides (Pils.). Cade's Cove, very sparingly.
295. Gastrodenta intertexta (Binn.). Cade's Cove, Mirey Ridge, Welsh Bald, Chambers' Creek, Yellow Creek Mts., Tallassee Ford. Largest 17 diam. Never plentiful, fond of poison hemlock ; some- times albino as all these mountain shells seem to be.
296. Gastro. acerra (Lewis). One of the common kind all along the road. It shows much variation without change of locality. My largest is 18 diam., 10^ alt. Another of only 17 diam. is 13i in alt.
297. Gastro. demised (Binn.). Cade's Cove.
301. Gastro. gularis (Say). Common on the route.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
302. Gastro. suppressa (Say). Brannan's Cove and Chestnut
Flats in Cade's Cove, Chambers' Creek.
305. Gastro. ettiotti (Redf.). General but not plentiful.
30G. Gastro. intern a (Say). Welsh Bald and south of Little Tennessee, plentiful.
307. Gastro. significans (Bid). Cade's Cove, Yellow Creek Mts.
309. Gastro. miiltidentata (Binn.). Talassee Ford, found one first trip.
310. Gastro. Ivmellidens (Pils.). Thunderhead Block House. Coontown, Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Cheowah River, Bobs Bald. 4 mm.
310-1. Gastro. Clcppi (Pils.) Thumlt-i head, Block House, Mirey Ridge, Clingman.
310-2. Gastro. Wulkeri (Pils.). n. sp. Cheowah river, Yellow Creek Mts., Talassee Ford. Diam. 20, altitude 1.45.
The last five belong to the Taxeodonta group : the other member, andrewsae, is found at Roan Mt., about 75 miles east of Clingman.
338. Pyrumidula alteniatu (Say). Andrew's Bald, Chambers' Creek, Yellow Cr. Mts., Yellow Creek and Unaka range; depressed and small. 18 mm. At Cade's two were found of the Knoxville type, large, whorls round and epidermis crinkled. 25 mm.
338b. Pyr. alternuta costata (Lewis). Cade's Cove and Thunder- head only. 20 mm.
342. Pyr. perspective, (Say). Common, large and toothed. 10mm.
346. Helicodiscus lintotvs, Cade's Cove, Mirey Ridge, Tuskeegee Mts., Bob's Bald.
347. Helicodiscm jimbriatus (Welh.). Talassee lord, two first trip.
348. Punctum Bhmdianum (Pil?.). n. sp. Found by Mr. Clapp, in 1898, on a tulip tree stump at Brannon's in Cade's Cove. These stumps beginning to decay, make fine feeding ground for little fellows.
362. Succinea obliqua (Say). On the very top ot Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge and Clingman.
Goniobasis saffurdi ( Lea). Chambers' Creek. Goniobasis proximo, (Say). Welsh Bald branch. Tuskeegee Creek.
Pleurocera trivittatum (Lea). Talassee Ford.
I'llE NAUTILUS. .V.I
Pisidiinn roper i (Sterki). Welsh Bald.
Between Knoxville and Cade's Cove, 35 miles, the following are found, Poly, elevata, form cincta, Taylor; Poly, spinofu (Lea); OinpJialina kopnodes ("NY. G. Bin.); Gastrodonta macilenta (Shuttl.) and Pyr. Bryant (Har|)er).
A NEW PHILOMYCUS.
BY T. D. A. COCKEREL!..
PMlomycus secretus n. sp.
Length (in alcohol) 12 mm Mantle very dark grey, with numer- ous small black spots, best seen at the sides. Body pallid, sole whit- ish with an ochreous tint.
Jaw light yellow, arched, with five strong ribs in the middle, nearly the outer thirds being ribless. Teeth 9-11—13-1-13-11-9. The side cusps on both centrals and laterals are very small. Penis- sac as Binney describes for P. hemphilli.
Hal Roan Mtn., Mitchell Co., North Carolina. (A. G. Weth-
erby.)
Mr. Wetherbv sent me two specimens with these remarks: "A small slug found here which I am quite sure has never been de- scribed. It is never larger than these specimens ; lives deep down in drifts of damp leaves, and never comes to the surface so far as my careful observation of it for the last ten years goes to show. It is " sluggish " in its habits; about all it will do when brought to the light is to cautiously protrude its very short tentacles." (Litt., March 22, 1899.)
By its jaw characters, this resembles only P. hemphilli. From that, as described by Binney, it differs mainly in being only half the size. Mr. Wetherby knows both species, and states that the present animal is uniformly small ; further, although I was not able to make a satisfactory examination of the anatomy, the genital organs appear (o be fully developed.
ON SOME JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY H. A. I'lLSBllY.
In a former paper on Japanese snails, I identified a species of ' a/, /a from Ushika, prov. Teshio, with the Helix Iceta oi Gould, but
60 THE NAUTILUS.
that name being pre-occupied, I gave the new name Eulota gainesi to my specimens. Further *tudy of the group with more material, and notes on the type specimen of Iczta, kindly supplied by Prof. Dall, shows that E. gainesi is perfectly distinct from Iceta.
I propose now to designate as E. gudeana n. sp., a large greenish species, also from Ushika, Teshio prov., Hokkaido, which has some- what the aspect of Natalina coffra, and which differs from E. gainesi in the broader form, less plicate surface, and the peristome, which is barely everted outwardly, becoming expanded below and reflexed at the columella, whorls 5.
Alt. 27£, diam. 37 mm.
I regard Helix Iceta GUI. (not Pfr.) as a less-developed race of this species ; and the name being pre-occupied, I propose to call this Hakodate form Eulota gudeaua hakodatensis. It is more fragile than gudeana, smaller, diam. about 20 mm., and yellowish-brown, with two brown bands above. Types of E. gainesi, E. gudeana and E. g. hakodatensis are in the collection of the Academy.
Figures of these several species and races will appear in the Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Eulota callizona dixoni n. vur.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, globose-pyramidal with high- conic spire, rather thin and smooth ; greenish-corneous, usually with a black brown peripheral band, a narrower subsutural band, and a large basal patch formed of the united basal band and umbilical patch. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the lip broadly expanded, thickened within, reflexed below, purplish flesh colored, and at the terminations of the bands purple-black. Alt. 32^, diam. 33 mm.
Inga, prov. Hoki, in southwestern Hondo. Type no. 76263 coll. A. N. 8. Phila.
This form has hitherto been erroneously united to E. callizona Crosse, or E. amalitz Kobelt. The latter is probably nearest, its area of distribution lying chiefly northeast of that of dixoni, while E. cal- lizona is undoubtedly the. northern fringe, so to speak, of the amalia stock, and came in all probability from the Hakone region.
A small form before me from Hagi, Nagato Province, is clearly related genetically to dixoni, and not referable to callizona.
GENEKAL NOTES.
Apropos of the note on Bathysciadium in the last number (p. 48), it might be well to state that Prof. Wilcox found Acmcea fragilis of New Zealand to be hermaphrodite, and exceptional specimens of another species have also been stated to have both male and female reproductive organs. These facts render the case of Batltysciadium less exceptional. It is noteworthy that the deep-water limpets, like the Chitons, belong to the lowest groups in their respective orders.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. OCTOBER, 19OO. No. 6.
CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHENACOLEPAS, PILSBRY.
BY IIEXKY A. PILSBRY.
Some years ago I compiled a list of the species of this genus with a view to writing a more complete monograph than that in the Man- ual of Conchology. Other work preventing this undertaking, I think it may prove useful to publish the mere list of species described up to 1900, with appropriate references, and the original localities. Most of the species were originally described as Scutellina^ a pre- occupied name which I changed as above (NAUTILUS V, p. 88, Dec., 1891). The arrangement of species in this list is chronological, and each is given under its original generic name.
1819. Patella yalatliea Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vi, pt. 1, p. 334; Delessert, Rec. de Coq., pi. 23, f. 10.
1834. Scute/la crenulata Broderip, P. Z. S., 1834, p. 48. Chain Island, S. Pacific. See also P. Z. S., 18(55, p. 197 (Formosa).
184G. Patella cinnamomea Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., ii, 151; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 345. f. 449. New South Wales.
1852. Grepidula osculans C. B. Adams, Catal. Shells Panama, p. 234. Panama.
1854. Scutellina arabica Riippell, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., i, p. 4G1 (nude name), iii, pi. 52, f. 6i.
1854. Scutellina fermginea A. Adams, Genera i, 4G1 ; iii, pi. 52, f. G, Go = P. cinnamomea Gld., leste Angas, Smith and Brazier.
1854. Scutellina asperulata A. Ad., Genera i, 4G1 (nude name). = P. yalathea (Lam.), teste E. A. Smith.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
1854. Scutellina costata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name) = P. galathea (Lam.), leste E. A. Smith.
1854. Scutellina elonyata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name). 1854. Scutellina granulosa A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1854. Scutellina Icevicostalis A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1855. Scutellina navicelloides Carpenter, Mazat. Catal., )>. 211- Mazatlan. = P. osculnns (C. B. Ad.), teste Carpenter, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 361.
1857. Acmcea harnillei Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., v, 1857, p. 277 ; 1872, p. 145, pi. 5, f. 6. Guadelupe, French West Indies.
1859. Scutellina unguifonnis Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 162. Kagos i m a, J apa n .
1859. Scutellina scobinata Gould, t. c., p. 162. Oosima, Japan.
1860. Scutellina cancellota Pease, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 437. Sand- wich Is. Mr. D. Thaanum has found this species at Hilo, Hawaii.
1868. Scutellina compressa Pease, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, 99. Tahiti.
1868. Scutellina granocostata Pease, t. c., p. 100. Hawaii.
1868. Scutellina aculeata Pease, t. c., p. 100. Hawaii.
1871. Scutellina pulchella Lischke, Mai. Blatter xviii, p. 41 ; Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 100, pi. 6, f. 20-23. Nagasaki, Japan.
1877. Scutellina sqvamosa Garivtt in Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, vi, p. 91, no. 11030, Viti Is., no description, probably = = P. galathea Lam.
1882. Scutellina fischeri Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philomathique, 1881, p. 29; Nouv. Arch, du MI-M. IV, 1881, p. 269, pi. 18, f. 9. Santiago, Cape Verde Is.
1890. Scutellina antillarum Sliuttlw. in Dall, Blake Gastrop., p. 342, pi. 31, f. 10, 11. Key West, Fla. = = Plienacolepas hamillei (Fischer), see Man. Conch, xiii, p. 36.
1899. Phenacolepas senta Hedley, Mem. Australian Museum, iii, pi. 7, p. 403, fig. 1 (March 9, 1899). Funafuti.
1899. Plienacolepas liiigiiarii'errfe Melvill & Standen, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zoo!., xxvii, 179, pi, 10, f. 11. Torres Straits.
Mr. E. A. Smith kindly examined the specimens in the British Museum, where the types of Adams' undescribed species are pre- served, and writes that he regards S. elonguta, granulosa and Icevi- costalis as well as arabica Riipp., as distinct species, but asperulata and costata are identical with galatlieo.
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There seem to be about 15 valid species, not counting Adams' undescribed forms. The largest is Phenacolepas galathea Lam., of the South Pacific.
LAND MOLLUSCA OF KENNEBUNKPORT, ME.
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
The collection was made during the months of July and August of this year. Most of the shells were found in the woods back of the "Casino "and extending from there to the ocean. The timber is principally pine and spruce, with a few deciduous trees around the edge of the woods and in swampy places. The best collecting ground was in a small group of oaks and beeches at one corner of the woods, and it was here that Polygyra sayii and most of the Pnpidfe were found. The only species found everywhere through the woods were Zonitoides arboreus and Pyramidulu striatella. In no place were shells plentiful ; it was a case of collecting one at a time, rarely two or three under the same stick or piece of bark.
As the country rock is granite the molluscs probably get their lime from the marine shells and " carapaces " of crabs (the common shore-crab, Cancer irroratus (?)) which are scattered all through the woods. I noted the following species : Mytilus edulis L., Modiola modiolus L., Mya arenaria L., Lunatia heros Say, Buccinum tin- datum L.
On wet days one or more mollusks would be found " feeding" on nearly every dead shell. Polygyra albolabris appears to be particu- larly fond of the crab shells. The scarcity of some of the Pupidce and other moisture-loving species may be accounted for by the fact that the season was very dry. The shells of P. albolabris were some- what darker than those found inland and are rather fragile, they range from 24 to 28 mm. greater diameter, altitude 14£ to 19 mm.
Polygyra sayii is also dark-colored and very thin ; they range from 19i to 22 mm., greater diameter, altitude 11 to 14 mm.
I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for identification of some of the minute species.
106. Polygyra sayii (Binn.), 7.
64 THE NAUTILUS.
109. Polygyra albolabris (Say), 17.
141. Polygyra monodon (Rack.), 10.
181. Strobilops virgo (Pils.), 124 (17 albino, the others reddish).
199. Bifidaria pentodon (Say), 9.
225. Vert igo gouldii ( B i n n . ) , 16.
260. Vitrea hammonis (Strom), 9.
264. Vitrea binneyana (Mse.), 13.
268. Vitrea ferrea (Mse.), 20.
278. Comilus fulvus (Miill.), 10.
"27Sb.Conulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.), 38.
2s;>. Zonitoides orboreus (Say), 64.
293. Zonitoides exiguus (Stimp.), 30.
294. Zonitoides milium (Mse.), 6. 315. Agriolimax agrestis (L-), 2.
333. Pfiilomycus carolinensis (Bosc.), 2.
334. Philomycus dorsalis (Binn.), 7. 344. Pyramidula striatella (Anth.), 40. 346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), 37. 34s. Punctum pygmceum (Drap.), 4. 362. Succinea obliqua (Say), 7.
367. Succinea avara (Say), 1. Carychium exiguum (Say), 17.
The following species occurred in the mud in places that would he swamps under favorable conditions.
Pisidium abditum Hald., 30. Limncea caperata Say, 11.
While out driving one day, I stopped on Ml. Agamenticus, Me., for about twenty minutes, and got the following on the eastern side near the base :
Strobilops virgo Pils., 4. Pupa pentodon Say, 1. Vertigo bollesiana Mse., 1. Comilus fidmis Miill., 2. Zonitoides arbor eus Say, 1. Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.), 1. Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 9, 1900.
E NAUTILUS, 65
A NEW SPECIES OF CERION.
BY AV. H. DALL.
Mr. J. A. Stevenson, of Palm Beach, Florida, recently collected a number of land shells in the Bahamas, adding several species already known from other localities but not from Nassau, to the Bahaman fauna. Among those obtained from Long or Berry Island, was a form of Cerion which appears to be undescribed and is related to the group of C- scalarinum Pfr., called Umbonis by Maynard. Cerion Stevensoni n. sp.
Shell very variable in general form, but in general roughly cylin- drical, with the nuclear whorls as it were jammed down into the blunt summit of the cylinder, with the base carinate at the periphery, where the ribs cease, and below that constricted; whorls 8-10, nuclear ones nearly smooth, gradually developing fine transverse ribbing with subequal interspaces ; these become stronger, with a strong revolving thread behind the suture ; at the third whorl then the diameter of the shell suddenly increases the sides develop strong transverse rather irregular ribbing with wider interspaces, the ribs extending from the suture to the basal keel, beyond which they rarely extend ; the base beyond the keel is constricted, rudely trans- versely wrinkled, inside the verge of the umbilicus centrifugally im- pressed and axially deeply perforate; aperture very variable in shape, with a broad, flattish, rather thin reflected margin ; there is a parietal short lamina centrally situated and strong, but no trace of an axial fold ; color light brownish or ashy to white, the whole surface sharply spirally striated, the striae sometimes crowded, sometimes distant. Alt. of two specimens, A, 27 ; B, 21; diam. A, 12 ; B, 14.5 mm.
Types, U. S. Nat. Museum ; specimens in Stearns' collection, De- troit, Mich., and Mr. Stevenson's collection.
The entire absence of the axial fold is notable.
VALLONIA PULCHELLA MULL., IN LOS ANGELES AND ELSEWHEKE IN
CALIFORNIA, ETC.
BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
For several months past, I have been making a careful search for slugs, in the interest of Dr. Pilsbry, with poor results, as these ani-
66 THE NAUTILUS.
mals, for some reason, are of rare occurrence on my grounds ; neither my own nor those of my immediate neighbors containing any. About the middle of last August, I made my regular examination of certain bricks, bats and pieces of wood, that have been turned over for the hundredth time, with the usual experience in the way of slugs, but had my reward by finding, to my great surprise, a large number, over a hundred, of Vallonia pulchella. This species has not before been reported as occurring in Los Angeles or elsewhere in this re- gion. Many species and some varieties of the general Vallonia form have been made by Dr. Sterki and others, based on the American aspects of this genus. Dr. Pilsbry, referring to the examples sent to him from my premises, says it is our " old friend pure and simple," and further remarks that " Curiously we did not find it in the Great Smokies, but Ashmun gets some costate forms (not pulchella) in Arizona and New Mexico." Raymond obtained one specimen ot the var. costata in Bloody Canyon, east side of Mono Pass, at an altitude of about 8000 feet, in 1889. Mr. R. C. McGregor,1 collected V- pulchella *' in a yard at base of rose bushes," at Redding, in Shasta county.
In Dr. Cooper's catalogue of West North American shells, he gives the distribution as " circumboreal," south to Mono county, Cal., and subsequently, " Donner Lake, and near Truckee," in the Cali- fornia Sierras. Mr. Button informs me that he found it plentiful some years ago in Mountain View Cemetery, near Oakland ; that specimens from that locality " aime light-colored, living on white mar- ble copings." Mr. Hemphill states that he has "found V- pulcliella at Julian City, San Diego Co., and at several other places in Cali- fornia, Oregon and Washington." The late A. W. Crawford, ac- cording to Mr. Raymond, collected it at " San Jose," in Santa Clara county.
It will be seen by the above that this pretty little snail is quite widely dispersed in California, as well as elsewhere in the Pacific States. In Pilsbry and Johnson's list2 of American Land Shells, etc., it is credited to " Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly to, the Gulf of Mexico. Europe."
1See NAUTILUS, XII, Sept., 1898, p. 60, and Mrs. Williamson in same for Oct., 1898, pp. 71-2.
2 Philadelphia, April, 1889, p. 7.
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The aesthetic taste exhibited by Vallonia pulchella is noteworthy ; from under the Hoses of Shasta county in the north, to the Verbena beds of Los Angeles in the south, and among the marbles of Moun- tain View, in Alameda county, suggests a refinement of discrimina- tion in this " mere atom of humble life," that would furnish a good text for a sermon.
Mr. Button, in his note to me referring to the cemetery habitat, writes, "Query — Brought from the East in plants?'' As to the occurrence of V- pulchella in my grounds, I am wholly at sea, for no plant forms, from the neighborhood or elsewhere, have been intro- duced by me for a long time, and these little snails have appeared in numbers, within six iveeks.
In considering the hypsometric distribution, the altitude of Donner Lake is, according to Gannett,1 from whom these various elevations are quoted, G095 feet; Truckee 5820 and Redding 555 feet; Julian 4500 and Los Angeles about 300 feet, while the Mountain View Cemetery grounds are probably slightly less than the Los Angeles figure.
Los Angeles, California, Sept. 12, 1900.
AN HOUK ON THE GREAT RAFT.
BT LORRAINE S. FRIERSON.
While the readers of NAUTILUS are waiting to hear of the results of the exploration of the Great Smokies by Ferriss, Walker & Co., perhaps they would like to hear about a trip to the Great Raft of the Red River.
This raft of logs was at one time 150 miles long, but it has long since been removed from the main river. There still remains in an arm of the river about five miles of the old raft. This raft is not continuous, but consists of separate pieces from a mile long down to fifty yards. These logs are in some places only one log deep, i. e., the surface of the water is covered by a single layer of logs.
In other places, however, the river is completely filled with a solid mass of logs from ten to fifteen feet deep. These logs are covered
»Dict. of Altitudes in the U. S., 3d Ed,, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
with a mass of vegetation consisting of smart- weed, various species of sedges, grasses and bushes. Near the water, on a zone of about two inches wide, winch is permanently wet, may be found two minute snails: Vertigo rugosula Sterki and V. ovata Say. On the tops of old and large logs there is frequently a deposit of earth, which sup- ports a colony of land shells. Among these may be found Polygyra thyroides and its variety bucculenta, Polygyra monodon var. friersoni Pilsbry. Rarely may be obtained Polygyra carolinensis Lea.
Roaming about on the logs may be found colonies of Succinea of a black color. That is to say, the animal itself is black, covered with small golden-colored spots, making a handsome animal. These Suc:ineas would be found here in untold numbers, probably, were it not for two enemies who derive a considerable part of their living from them. One of these enemies is the whole Heron 1'amily, and the other is the frog family. Between the heron and frogs the Sue- cineas have a poor chance.
As before remarked, bunches of various sedges grow on these logs. These sedges grow in bunches about two feet high and about one foot in diameter. Hidden in these bunches, down near the roots, may be found another species of Succinea. These are of a straw- yellow color. Between these and the blacks are several points of difference. The blacks live on the logs, the yellow ones live on the tussocks of sedges. Here is a nut for the evolutionist. Is the straw- colored snail colored like straw because it lives on straw ? or does it live on straw because it is straw-colored? Another point is that the. straw-colored snail (who is nearly always hidden in the bunches of grass) is sweet tasted, or at any rate is not nauseous; while the blacks who roam about considerably have quite a pronounced bitter taste. Both of these snails have been called S. salleana, but being sure that there were two species, they were submitted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, with the result that the blacks are Succinea luteola Gid., while the yellow fellows are Succinea salleana, Pfr.
Out in the water, among the floating roots of the duck weeds, etc., may be found Planorbis trivolvis S;iy, and a minute Limncea. This Limncea is the only representative of its tribe thus far seen in North- ern La. No specimen over one fourth of an inch long has ever been secured. It is labelled L. caperata Say, but with a good deal of doubt.
More about this raft and its inhabitants could be written, but hot!
THE NAUTILUS. 69
Gracious, how the perspiration rolls off' a fellow ! Down between the banks, with an August sun overhead, and the steam arising from the rank vegetation, and the sun's rays reflected from the water, we thought of Ferriss digging snails on the mountain tops, and we quit, but we had at least 100 Succineas.
SHELL COLLECTING NEAE EOCHESTEE, N. Y.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
For the past five years the writer has made annual pilgrimages to Rochester, New York, partly to spend his summer vacation, and partly to get better acquainted with the mollusks which flourish about the '' Flower City." The vicinity of Rochester is peculiarly adapted for molluscan life, owing to the fact that the Niagara limestone out-crops in various places, affording an abundance of lime for the secretion of their shells, which are, therefore, large and fine.
The Eskers known as the Pinnacle and Cobb's Hill, are my favorite localities, and many fine species have been collected. The former locality is a rounded, dome-shaped hill some 200 feet in height, the slope being from 10 to 30 degrees, well wooded on its summit, with a little ravine between the main hill and a small knoll, and littered by fallen, rotting logs and dead leaves. Helices are here very abundant, such forms as Vitrea arborea, V. indentata, Omphalina futiginosa, Gastrodonta intertexta, Pyramidula alternately P. striateUa, Polyyyra albolabris, P. sayii (rare), P. monodon, P. tridentata (many varieties), and Cochlicopa lubrica being readily collected. Cobb's Hill, just across Monroe avenue, yields about the same fauna.
At a point in the Erie Canal where the waters widen to form a pond, hence called " wide-waters," the fresh water mollusks are numerous, and such species as Limncea staynalis (large and fine), L. palustriS) L. catciscopium, L. desidiosa, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis lives cenf, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata sincera, and V. tricarinata are common. Between Rochester and Pittsford, in the canal, a colony of Vivipara contec. toides has established itself, and a large number of fine specimens may be gathered at any time. When the water is drained from the
70 THE NAUTILUS.
canal in the spring, it is a fine place for unios, such species as Anodonta salmonia, A. benedictii, Aldsmodonta marginata, A. del- toidea, Unio gibbosus, Anodontopsis ferussacidiius, Quadnila plicata, Q. undulata, Lampsilts yracilis, iris, nasulus, hiteolus, venlricbsus, rect/ts, alatus, and cariosus being found in great abundance and beauty ; the bottom is covered knee-deep with black mud, affording a fine retreat for the mussels.
The Genessee River, both above and below the falls, affords good collecting, the unios being abundant above and the gastropods below the falls. The characteristic species above the falls are Alasmodonta marginata, A. rugosa, A. pressa, Quadrula rubiginosa, Lampsilis iris, L. luteolas, L. alatus, Sphcerivm simile, S. stamineum, S. trans- versuin, Limmea pahistris, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha, Goniobasis livescens and Campeloma decision, while those below are Sphtz-rium transversnm, Limncza catascopium, Planorbis trivolvis, PJtysa heterostropha, and Bythinia tentaculata.
Both the east and west banks of the Genessee River below the falls are good localities for mollusks, about the same 'species being found as on the Pinnacle, with the addition of Pupa muscorum, Circinaria concava, VaUonia pulchella, V- costata, Polycjyra tfiyroides, P. hirsuta and P. palliata. The wooded banks of Seneca Park afford good retreats for mollusks, and they may be found here in great abundance. One of the pleasantest trips near Rochester is to Irondequoit Bay, an inlet from Lake Ontario, five miles long and about one in breadth. The hills about are from 100 to 200 feet high, and the water has a maximum depth of 80 feet. Mollusks are correspondingly numerous : Sjtharhim simile, S. transversnm, Succinea ovah's, Limncea pahistris, L. desidiosa, Planorbis campanulatus, P. trirolvis, P. bicarinatus, P. defectws, P. parvus, Segmentina armigera, Ancylus tardus, Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis semicarinata, Bythinia tentaculata, Amnicola Juslrica, Valvata sincera and V- tricarinata are found in great abundance along the shore or living on the lily pads. The wooded banks yield the common helices in great abundance.
The best fresh-water beach collecting which the writer has ever experienced is to be found at Charlotte and Summerville, on Lake Ontario, the former on the west and the latter on the east side of the mouth of the Genessee River. There is always a line of " sea- wrack " which is alive with fresh-water mollusks. Here we have
THE NAUTILUS. 71
always collected Lampsilis luteolus, Sphairium simile, S. staminemn, S. fabale, Pisidium abditium, P. buJceri (= P. amnicum Miill., teste Sterki), Limncea palustris, L. desidfosa, Planorbis campamdatus, P. trivolwis, P. bicarinatus, P. deflectus, P. parrus, Ancylus parallehis, Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera siibulare, Bytldnia teiittiodafa, Ainiii. cola limosa, A. lustrica, A. obtnsa, A. cincinnatiensis, Gil/fa altilis, Somatogyrus subglobosus, Yulvata sincera, V- tricarinata and V. obtt/sa. Pisidium bakeri Pilsbry has been found in great abundance at Summerville, where specimens nearly a quarter of an inch in length have been collected. Y<ili'ata obtusd Drap. was found at both Charlotte and Summerville in 1899 fully as abundant as V. sincere/ f This species was reported from this country for the first time in 1897 when but a few specimens were obtained. In the interval between that time and August, 1899, it had increased a hundred fold. It is probable that many introduced species will lie found in our Great Lakes if the shore debris be carefully searched.
The localities mentioned above have yielded altogether 150 species, many of which may be found here in as great abundance and perfec- tion as at any locality in the northern part of the United States.
NOTES AND NEWS.
A NEW AMERICAN SLUG — Dr. J. F. Babor has described an in- teresting new form, Arloliniax steindachneri, from a specimen col- lected by F. Steindachner on Puget Sound, in 1874. ' It is large, length 80 mm., breadth 1'.), height 21 mm., about the size of Ario- litniix columbiaints, and differs externally from that species in having the well developed tail pore an open slit, as in Hesperarion, not plugged as in the other Arloliniaces. The teeth are as in A. califor nirus. The genitalia lie free, the ovotestis anterior, at the stomach. The pijnis contains a large papilla but is otherwise hollow, much as in Hesperarion. There is no appendiculum, and no 4% retensor " muscle, but a vaginal retractor is developed.
The species is clearly intermediate to some extent between Hes- perarion and Ariol/max, and may indicate that the former group
1 Annaien des K. K. Naturhist. Hot'museums, xv, 1900, p. 95.
72 THE NAUTILUS.
should be reduced to the rank of a subgenus. Zoologists who have opportunity to collect in the Puget Sound region should be on the lookout for this slug, for it is important that its anatomical characters be confirmed by additional specimens, as only one was examined by Dr. Babor. It can probably be recognized externally by the dif- ferent tail pore. It has not been figured.
NOTE ON ASHMUNELLA iiYPORHYSSA (Ckll.). — I have recently visited Cloudcroft, in the Sacramento Mts., N. M., and found hypo- rhyssa excessively abundant, under pine, logs and pieces of pine bark upon the ground. The Cloudcroft form differs from the type of hyporhyssa (rhyssa var.) in uniformly lacking the parietal tooth, but otherwise the shell seems quite the same. It may be called var. edentata. There are three color-mutations, as follows :
(1) Edentata proper; shell horn-color or pale greyish-brown. The commonest form.
(2) Rufescens, n. mut.; shell deep ferruginous or chestnut color, lip tinged with pink. Quite common. Analogous to the mut. rub ens of Hygromia rufcscens.
(3) Alba, n. mut.; shell creamy white. Rare, only three or four found. The first albino reported in Ashmunella. — T. D. A. COCK- ER ELL.
CIRCINARIA HEMPHILLI IN CALIFORNIA. — I have specimens of Oircinaria hemphilli from Central California, as follows :
1. Mission Peak, near eastern shore of San Francisco Bay.
2. Forest Hill, Placer Co., in Sierra Nevada Mts., west slope, 3,700 ft. alt. I think this species has not heretofore been reported from further south than Oregon. — FRED L. BUTTON.
HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND. — A friend has just brought me a living example of H. hortensis (12345) from the " headwaters of Robinson's River," west coast of Newfoundland, and promises a lot of them next year. Isn't this a new locality? — G. H. CLAPP,
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XIV. NOVEMBER, 19OO. No. 7.
LAND SNAILS OF CAPE MAY, NEW JERSEY.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The littoral of Southern New Jersey is perhaps as unpromising collecting ground for the land shell hunter as can be found in the Eastern States. The general physical features of the region are well known, now that the whole coast has become a great summer play- ground; but it may be said that the land snails are nearly or entirely confined to the occasional patches and strips of cedar scrub on the islands and along the shore, usually within a couple of hundred yards of the beach, and often separated from it by a narrow strip of shifting sand dunes. Between these littoral cedar groves and the mainland proper, wide stretches of salt marsh intervene, intersected by inlets, and inhabited by myriads of Melampus lineatus, Litorina irrorata and Modiola plicatulu.
Such situations occur at frequent intervals from Atlantic City to Cape May. At the latter place the salt, marshes are reduced to a minimum ; but in common with the more northern localities, the shore strip is insulated, so far as the land snail fauna is concerned, by the pine belt of the interior. There are, however, many deciduous trees and a rich soil at Cape May, while at the more northern locali- ties the deciduous trees are wanting, except where imported, and the dark soil is a mere film over nearly pure sand.
The snails are everywhere, so far as mv own experience goes, con- fined to the cedar groves. At Cape May Point there is a dense growth of cedar, oak, dwarf plum, bay, with more or less holly and prickly pears. It need not be mentioned to a New Jersey naturalist
/4 THE NAUTILUS.
that in these choice retreats mosquitoes are abundant. The New Jersey mosquito, like Napoleon's famous Old Guard, dies, but never surrenders. You wipe him off, and the gore flows freely. Here were found Polygyra albolabris maritima, Bifidaria hordeacella, B. pento- don, Vertigo milium, Zonitoides arboreus, Agriolimax campestris and Succinea campestris vagans. Only one specimen each of the Zoni- toides and Agriolimax were found. An additional species, Zonitoides minusculus, occurred a few miles further northwest.
In Cape May city, on mounds around the tanks at the gas works at 703 Lafayette street, I found V<(Uonia pulchella and Pupoides mar- ginatus quite abundant. These may possibly be imported species, as nothing of them was seen except in the old and long settled part of town.
The most remarkable records are Bifidaria hordeacella, a species of the Gulf States, hitherto not known north of the Georgia Sea Islands, and the very distinct variety of Succinea, which may be de- fined thus :
Succinea campestris vagans, n. v.
Shell similar to >S. campestris in the wrinkled surface and very convex last whorl, but smaller, with only 2§ whorls in fully mature specimens, the aperture shorter and less ovate, and the color a rather pale olive-green, translucent, with scarcely any whitish layer within ; surface rather dull.
Length 9, diani. G.5, longest axis of aperture 6.2 mm.
Length 7.6, diam. 5.6, longest axis of aperture 5.4 mm.
Cape May Point, N. J. (H. A. P., August, 1898.) Types No. 78,882, coll. A. N. S.
I cannot refer the specimens to any Northern species. They are nearer S. campestris, which extends from the Georgia coast, through- out Florida, and west to the mouth of the Mississippi, the western specimens being the thin, smooth and glossy variety unicolor of Tryon.
Some years ago, Mr. W. B. Marshall reported Succinea avara from Cape May. " The exact locality was on the ocean front at 8th avenue, Mt. Vernon, between Cape May City and Cape May Point, and was not more than 200 ft et from the line of high tide." l Some of these specimens are now before me, and seem referable to S. aurea Lea rather than to avara; though it must be acknowledged that the
1 NAUTILUS, VI, p. 19, June, 1892.
THK NAUTILUS. 75
determination of Succineas is often far from certain. Similar shells were sent by Mr. C. Le Roy Wheeler, also from Cape May, exact locality not given.
My collection was made in August, 1898.
MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHERN KENTUCKY.1
BY SADIE F. PRICE.
While engaged in botanical work, I have collected the following land and fresh-water shells, most of them in Warren county :
Polyyyra plicata Say.
Polygyra divesta Gld. Scarce. Probably the first time this spe- cies has been listed so far east or north. Bowling Green.
Polygyra troostiana Lea.
Polygyra. monodon Rack.
Polygyra palliata Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties, and East Kentucky at Burnside.
Polygyra appressa Say. Common, Warren and Edmonson coun- ties.
Polygyra inflecta Say. Common, Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties.
Polygyra rugeli Shuttl. Bowling Green.
Polygyra tridentata Say. Common, Warren, Edmonson and Bar- ren counties.
Polygyra obstricta Say. Not common. Under rotten logs. War- ren and Barren counties.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties.
PdygW0- elevata Say. Common throughout South Kentucky.
Polygyra exoleta Binn. Very common.
Polygyra clansa Say.
Polygyra tltyroides Say. Very abundant.
Polygyra thyroides buccidentus Gld. Bowling Green.
Polygyra doivnieana Bid. Rare. Warren and Edmonsen counties.
P°tyyyra profunda Say. Scarce. Edmonson county.
Polygyra stenotrema Fe"r.
1 1 am indebted to Mr. C. T. Simpson, National Museum, for naming doubtful Unios.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
Vcdlonia pulchella Mull. Rather common. Bowling Green.
Pyramiduhi perepectiva Say. Rather common throughout South- ern Kentucky. Also found at Torrent, East Kentucky Mountain.
Pyramidula bryanti Harper. Only one specimen found. This Mr. Simpson says is considerably out of its usual range.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Barren, Edmonson and Warren coun- ties, East Kentucky in the mountains.
Pyramidula alternata carinata Pils. Rather common. Bowling Green.
Pyramidula alternata mordax Binney. Not common. Bowling Green.
Strobila labyrinthica Say. Bowling Green.
Pupoides marginatus Say.
Bifidarict contracta Say.
Bifidaria armtfera Say.
Bifidaria procera Gould.
Gircinaria concava Say. Bowling Green, Brownsville.
Vifrea indentata Say. Warren county.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Warren county.
Vt'trea sculptilis Bid.
OmphaUna Icevigata Pfr. Warren and Edmonson counties.
Gastrodonta ligera Say. Throughout southern Kentucky.
Gastrodonta acerra Lewis. Barren county.
Gastrodonta demissa Binn. Common.
Gastrodonta intern a Say. Southern Kentucky and in the moun- tains of East Kentucky.
Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Common on rocky hillsides. Bowling Green.
Succinea avara Say.
Succinea ovalis Gld.
Succinen totteniana Lea (?). On ferns in sink-hole. Bowling Green.
Heliodiscus lineafus Say. Bowling Green.
Helicina orbicnlata Say.
Limneea humilis Say. Near Green and Barren rivers, under damp moss.
Planorbis bicarinatas Say. Rather common.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. In ponds. Common. Planorbis parvus Say. On rocks in pounds.
THE NAUTILUS. 77
Ancylus rivularis Say. In ponds and rivers.
Physa gyrina Say. In springs and creeks throughout southern Kentucky and at Lexington.
Physa pomilia Con. In ponds. Not uncommon.
Physa heterostropha Say. Barren River.
Physa heterostropha, var. Creeks.
Campeloma obesum Lewis (?). Barren River.
Cunipeloma inteyrum Say. Barren River.
Campeloma ponderosum Say. Common.
Lioplax subcarinata Say.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Bank of Barren River.
Pleurocera JiJinn Lea. Very common.
Pleurocera sycamorense Lea.
Pleurocera undulatum Say.
Lithasia planispira Anthony.
Lithasia nuclea Lea.
Lithasia nndova Anth.
Lithasia obovata Say.
Goniobasis cxrcilubris Anth.
Gomobasis curvilabris, var. Rather common.
Goniobasis abreviata Lea.
Goniobasis curreyana Lea. Common.
Goniobasis costifera Hald. Green and Barren Rivers.
Goniobasis costifera, var.
Goniobasis vicina Anth. Warren county.
Goniobasis atMeta Anth. Barren county.
Goniobasis depyyis Say.
Goniobasis nassula Con. var. Indian Creek.
Goniobasis infantulum Lea.
Goniobasis saffbrdii Lea. Indian Creek.
Goniobasis edgariana Lea. Creeks.
Goniobasis eleganlida Anth. Barren River.
Goniobasis paupercula Lea.
UNIONID.E.
Quadrula undulata Barnes. Common in all streams. Quadrula trigona Lea. Common. Quadrula rubiyinosa Lea. Quadrula pyramidata Lea.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Quadrula coccinea Con.
Quadrula pttstulosa Lea. Very common.
Quadrula obliqua Lam.
Quadrula verrucosa Barnes.
Quadrula globata Lea.
Quadrula laclirymosa Lea.
Quadrula plicata Say.
Quadrula cooperiana Lea.
Quadrula heros Say. Barren county.
Quadrula metanerva Raf.
Quadrula cylindrica Say,
Quadrula solida Lea.
Playiola eleg<:tns Lea.
Plagiola securis Lea.
Playiola donuctformis Lea.
Lampsilis ventricosus Bar. Barren River.
Lamps/Us multiradiatns Lea.
Lampsilis ligamentinus Lam. Very common.
Lampsilis Uf/amentinus Lam. var.
Lampsilis gracilis Barnes.
Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Ohio, Green and Barren Rivers.
Lampsilis rectus Lam.
Lampsilis cumberlandicus Lea.
Lampsilis Inteolus Lam. L. lienosus Con.
Lampsilis texasensis Lea.
Lampsilis ovatus Say. L. obscurus Lea.
Lampsilis regularis Lea.
Lampsilis alatus Lea. Common.
Lampsilis iris Lea. Lampsilis perdix Lea.
Lampsilis subrostratus Say.
Lampsilis planicostatus Lea.
Lampsilis parvus Barnes.
Lampsilis caliginosus Con.
Lampsilis vanuxumensis Lea.
Lampsilis nigerrimus Lea.
Lampsilis fat/ins Lea.
grandiferus Lea. Rather common.
gibbosus Barnes. Both the purple and salmon-colored forms are found in all streams.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Obliquaria rejiexa Raf. Common.
Obliquaria lens Lea.
Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hild.
Strophitus edentttlus Say.
TninciUo perplexa Lea.
Truncilla perplexa rangiana Lea.
Truncilla triquetra Raf.
Pleurobema clara Lam.
Pleurobema (ssopus Green.
Pleurobema edgariana Lea.
Oboraria circuhis Lea.
Tritigonia verrucosa Raf. C/". tuberculatus Barnes.
Cyprogenia irrorata Lea. Common.
Microtnya lapUlus Lea.
Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Common.
Alasmodonta deltoidea Lea.
Alasmodonta minor Lea. Gasper River.
Alasmodonta truncata (Say) Wright.
Anadontoides ferussacianus Lea.
Anodonta imbecilis Say. Rivers and ponds near rivers.
Anodonta grandis Lea.
Anodon*a grandis giyantea Lea.
Sphcerium sulcatum Lam.
Sphcerium fabale Prime. River and creeks.
CalycuUna partumeia Say.
(Jalycullna transversa Say.
Pisidiuni virginicum Gm. Rivers and ponds.
Pisidium peraltiim Sterki. Ponds.
NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE LAND MOLLUSCA.
BY H. A. PILSBKY.
Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinate, light yellow- ish brown, slightly shining. Surface densely but lightly striate spirally, under a thin cuticle which bears rather wide-spaced, irregu- larly developed lamellae ending in short shreds at the periphery, the
80 THE NAUTILUS.
lamella? frequently interrupted on the base. Spire very low-conic ; whorls barely 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last a little pinched above and below the peripheral keel. Base much more convex than the spire, flattened and sloping below the keel, swollen towards the middle, obtusely angular around the conic umbilicus. Aperture oblique, irregularly squarish, the peristome white, some- what thickened within, angular at the terminations of the peripheral and umbilical carina?, the upper margin hardly expanded, basal margin expanded, somewhat reflxed, columellar margin a little dilated.
Alt. 8.5, diam. 17.5 mm.
Alt. 8.5, diam. 17 mm.
Kikai, Osumi, in southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).
This species is closely related to E. trochula (A. Ad.), known only from Tsusima, differing from that species in the much more angular aperture, far flatter spire and more convex base. Trislioplita goodwini vur. suprazonata n. var.
Shell similar in form to T. goodwini, but with apex obtuse ; thin, somewhat translucent, corneous-brown, paler around the umbilicus, and with a wide white zone bordering the suture, ascending the spire. Whorls 5^. Alt. 9.5, diam. 13.5 mm.
Ushirokawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A smaller form, alt. 8.5, diam. 11.5 mm., occurs at Kagoshima, Satsuma, in southern Kiusiu. This variety is more conic than the variety fusca of Gude, which is moreover smaller and without the whitish band above.
Kaliella symmetrica n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, turreted-pyramidal, the spire with convex lateral outlines and blunt, rounded apex; yellowish-corneous; sharply striated above with excessively fine, densely crowded longi- tudinal stria?, which give it the luster of silk, the base glossy, show- ing faint, spaced spiral lines under a high magnification. AVhorls 5-^, very convex, the last obsoletely subangular at the periphery, moderately convex beneath, impressed around the perforation. Aper- ture basal, rather narrow, curved, shaped like the middle third of a crescent with the ends cut oflf; outer and basal margins of the peri- stome acute and simple, the columella vertical, its edge triangularly reflexed. Alt. 2.1, diam. 2 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
THE N.UTILCS. 81
This species somewhat resembles Hyalina picstulina Reinhardt, but it is proportionately higher, smaller, the last whorl less enlarged, the spire being more prominent ; consequently the aperture is smaller. I would consider this shell an Euconuhis were it not so closely allied to the following species, which I do not doubt is a Kaliella. Half- grown specimens are still only obtusely angular at the periphery.
Kaliella fraterna n. sp.
Shell similar to K. symmetrica, except that it has an acute, pro- jecting, thread-like peripheral keel, like that of K. labilis (Gld.), ex- tending undiminished to the aperture.
Kashima, Harima, with K. symmetrica (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Buconuius Reinhardti n. sp.
Shell globose-conic, perforate, fragile, pale corneous yellow ; glossy, with sparse rather conspicuous oblique growth-wrinkles and extremely tine subobsolete, crowded spiral stria?. Spire elevated, the apex rather acute. Whorls 5i, quite convex, separated by deeply impressed sutures, the last whorl large, subglolose, rounded at the periphery, but showing the almost obsolete trace of a peri- pheral angle ; base strongly convex, slightly impressed around the narrowly perforate axis. Aperture somewhat oblique, roundly lunate, the peristome thin, very fragile, simple, the columellar margin rather broadly dilated above. Alt. 3/J, diam. 3.7 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A globose-conic species which I first thought to identify with JET. pupula Gould ; but it differs from that insufficiently defined species in the rounded last whorl and various other characters.
It has been shown that the name Conulus is preoccupied in Mol- lusca by Rafinesque, who proposed that name for the genus Conus. This will prevent its use for the common Helix fulva of Miiller, and various European authors have now abandoned Conulus in favor of Arnouldia of Bourguignat. It has apparently escaped the notice of these gentlemen that Euconuhis of Reinhardt was proposed for the fulvus group some seven years before Bourguignat's publication. The genus will therefore stand thus :
Eucoxri.rs Reinh.
Conulus Fitz., 1833, not of Rafinesque, 1814.
Euconuhis Reinhardt, Sitzungs-bericbte Ges. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1883, p. 86 (E. fulvus and praticola).
82 THE NAUTILUS.
Arnouldia Bgt., Bull. Soc. Mai. France, VII, 1890, p. 328.
It is doubtful whether any Japanese species really belong to Euconulus. Most of them have all the shell characters of Kaliella, a genus abundantly developed in India, China and indeed the whole Orient. Reinhardt's Japanese " Trochoconulus " I refer to Kaliella. His " Discoconulus," judging from sinapidium, the only species 1 have seen, might belong to Vitrea. Arnouldia nahaensis of Gude is a Kaliella.
Punctum japonicum 11. sp.
Shell minute, openly and rather widely umbilicate, depressed, thin, light brown. Spire convex, low ; whorls 3^, quite convex, separated by deeply impressed sutures, regularly and rather slowly increasing; last whorl tubular, rounded at the periphery. Sculpture of delicate spaced, irregular lamellar riblets, the intervals sharply finely striated, and with close spiral stria?. Width of the umbilicus is contained about 3^ times in the diameter of the shell, all the whorls readily visible within it. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the peristome simple and acute.
Alt. 0.7, diam. 1.25, width of umbilicus 0.37 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
The only other known Japanese species of Punctum is " Helix (Patula) lepta" of Westerlund, described from Nagasaki. It has a much narrower umbilicus than P. japonicwn, the last whorl is sub- angular above, and it is described as with dense riblets.
NEW RECORDS OF NEW MEXICAN SNAILS.
BY II. A. PILSBRY.
August 25th last, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell collected a few snails "in Chicorico Canon, near Raton, New Mexico. This is in the region of Quercus gambeli and Robinia neomexicana, at an eleva- tion of about 7000 ft. There are no previous records of mollusca from this region. It is quite in the northern part of the State, only a few miles from the Colorado boundary." The species are :
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Vitrina pfeijferi Newc.
Euconulus fulvus ( Mill 1 . ) .
THE NAUTILUS. 83
Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Btfidaria pilsbryana Sterki. A form with the crest more devel- oped than in the type, and the palatal folds standing upon a callous ridge.
In this connection I may mention that a specimen of Bijidaria hulzingeri (Sterki) has been found among minutiie collected by Prof. Cockerell at Mesilla, N. M., in drift of the Rio Grande. So far as I know, this species has not been reported before from west or south- west of Wichita, Kansas.
Ashmunella chiricahuana (Ball) has been collected by Prof. E. O. Wooton in a pine region on the west fork of Gila River, n«-ar Mogollon Peak, N. M.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ASIATIC SHELLS.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Euhadra (?) pseudocampylsea Anc.
Testa convexo-depressiuscula, omnino tecte perforata, nitidiuscula, parim solicit) la, sub epidermicle tenui fusco lutea sordide albescens vel pallide brunnea, lineolis incrementi subtus magis conspicuis obso- lete notata. Spira convexa, parum elevata, obtusissima. Anfractus 5^ convexi. sutura impressa separati. sat lente et regulariter cres- centes, ultimus supra prope aperturam leviter malleatus, antice leniter descendens, dein ail peristoma panlulum ascendens, supra convexus, ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi convexo-depressus, in umbilici loco profunde impressus pone aperturam breviter constrictus. Apertura transverse suboblonga, lunata, obliqua, marginibus distantibus, callo tenui junctis, extero regulariter arcuato, basali subdeclivi. Peristoma album, incrassatum, breviter expansum, ad basin et columellam prsecipue reflexum, angustum, supra perforationem prorsns clausam dilatatum.
Diam. max. 30, min. 25^, alt. 17 mill.
Hab.: Tatsien-lou, ad limites Thibeti et provincial sine)isis Sse- tchuen (Comm. Cl. Abbe Meze).
This is a very distinct species, and at once recalls to mind a large and more globose Helicigona pyrenaica with a closed umbilicus. It is provisionally referred to Euhadra, but the generic position is diili- ciilt to ascertain. A single dead example was obtained, and is in my collection. With this I received a fine example of the very rare Helicarion Bottgeri, Hilber, of which the Austrian expedition of
THE NAUTILUS.
Szechenyi obtained a single specimen. These shells were detected by French missionaries, and the locality, although furnishing several species of mollusca, is not a rich one as far as shells are concerned. Planorbis persicus Anc.
Testa compressa, non carinata, olivaceo vel subgriseo-cornea, oblique confertim striata, nitidula, pro genere relative solidiuscula, utrinque lateumbilicata et concava, discoidea. Spira apice minute immerso. Anfractus 5, convexi, sutura impressa, sat lente crescentes ; ultimus supra convexo-declivis, post medium rotundato-subangulatus, infra depressus. Aperture obliqua, transverse oblonga, sublunata, intus obscure albo-labiata (in peradultis), marginibus callo appresso junctis. Diain. mag. 9. min. 7|, alt. 2f mill.
Hab. — Te'he'ran, prov. Trak-ajemi, Persia ; Salmas, north of Lake Urmiah, Persia (Comm. G. Ntegele).
This is allied to, but different from, PL subangulatus Phil., from which it is easily distinguished in being much less distinctly angled below the periphery. The above description is drawn from the largest specimen sent me by Herr G. Ntegele ; some also probably mature are much smaller and more rounded.
Phjsa Moussoni Ancey.
Pliysa lirata, Mousson in Journ Conch., 1874, p. 43, non Tristram (1863), nee Craven (1880).
The name Physa lirata having been used several times, I should call attention to the fact that Dr. Rudolf Sturany (Catalog der Suda- frik. Land- und Siisswasser-Moll., 1898, p. 76), not, being aware that several years ago I proposed to substitute Physa Craveni for lirata Craven (not of Tristram), calls the latter Craveni Sturany, while I should claim for the priority of Craveni, Ancey ; but this induces me also to change lirata Mousson to Moussoni Ancey, as the specific name lirata must be retained for the species originally described from Madagascar.
Ph. Moussoni Ancey was discovered in Mesopotamia by Dr. Schaefli. Helicina Sundana Ancey, iiom. nov.
The above name I suggest for Helicina exserta Martens, a species occurring in the islands of Saleyer, Kalao and Jampea, between Cel- ebes and Flores, as another Helicina from Cuba has long ago been described under the same name of exerta, " Gundlach, MSS.," by L. Pleiffer (see Malak Blatter, v, 1858, p. 194).
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. DECEMBER, 19OO. No. 8.
RECORDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM NEW MEXICO.
BY IT. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The Mollu&ca of the Sandia Mts., New Mexico.
Nothing has hitherto been reported concerning the mollusca of the Sandia Mountains, near Albuquerque, so it may be well to enum- erate a small collection made there by Miss Maud Ellis, and submit- ted to us for determination. The precise locality is Las Huartus Canon, alt. 8-9000 ft. The species are similar to those of the Colo- rado mountains, and the Saiidias so far as our present knowledge goes, marks the southern limit of this fauna as a whole, though certain of its members extend much further south. Vitrina pfeifferi Newc. Pyramidula cockerelli Pils.
Euconulus fulvus (Drap.). P. cockerelli mut. viridula (Ckll.).1
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.
Z. minusculus (Binney). Pupa blandi Morse.
Thysanophora ingersolli (Bland). Bitidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Pyramidula strigosa (?) Young.
Miss Ellis also collected Helicodiscus lineatus (Say) in the Sandia Mts., but the exact locality is forgotten. The young Pyramidida doubtfully listed as strigosa may be a form of P. Iteniphilfi.. No Ashtmntelld was found.
It is somewhat surprising that the Euconulus of New Mexico is not the Texan race, but the Northern fu/vus.
1 Nautilus, 1890, p. 1<>2, the pule greenish form. T. D. A. C.
86
THE NAUTILUS.
Shells from recent food debris of Arroyo. Pecos, Las Vegas, N. M.
A series of shells lately collected by one of us gives the following species. The source of the shells is unknown, until the Arroya is followed up and their station found. In wanting Ashmunella, and in the abundance of Bifidaria, the assemblage is unlike that of the ad- jacent mountains.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Vertigo ovata Say.
Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Euconulus fulvus (Drap.).
Pupa blandi (Morse). Helicodiscus lineatus (Say).
Bifidaria armifera (Say). Limnrea humilis Say.
Bifidaria holzingeri (Sterki). Planorbis parvus Say.
Bifidaria hordeacella (Pils.). Physa sp., broken.
Bifidaria procera ^Gld.).
The specimens of Bifidaria armifera vary in length from a trifle over 3 mm. with 5^ whorls, to fully 4 mm. with 6^ whorls.
CONUS CONSORS SOWS.
BY CHARLES LE ROY WHEELER.
My attention has been attracted to the above species while identi- fying a mixed lot of cones from Zanzibar, embracing about four thou- sand specimens, from the fact that many collectors, and some mus- eums, have in their collections specimens labeled '' Conus consors So\vb." that are far from what Sowerby evidently figured under that name. But Tryon's description appears to authorize the errors in identification. I, therefore, offer the following description :
Conns consors Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 492.
Spire concavely elevated, with shallow channel and revolving striae, delicately tessellated with orange, apex acute and of pinkish tint ; body-whorl slightly depressed in centre and inflated above, grooved toward the base ; ivory white, with an orange band below the center, and one above sometimes reaching to the shoulder, the upper part of this band more or less broken ; aperture white ; epider- mis velvety, light brown, tough and very adherent.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
The entire absence of dotted revolving lines and the constant orange color are characteristic features.
Dimensions : height 60, diameter 32 mm.; of others 59x32, 58x31, 56x31, 50x32, and 50x27.
The illustration in Tryon's Manual, Vol. VI, plate 15, fig. 96, id a good representation ; but the list of synonyms should probably be either placed under C. magus Linn, or recognized as veritable species.
A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMULUS FROM COSTA RICA AND A NEW SPIRACULUM FROM ASSAM.
BY HUGH FULTON.
Bulimults (Drymaeus) inusitatus, n. sp.
Shell sinistral, elongate, narrowly perforate, thin, translucent, am- ber yellow throughout; whorls 7^, engraved with faint spiral lines; nucleus with minute close-set crossed stria?; aperture ovate; peri- stome thin, lower portion slightly expanded ; columella reflexed at point of insertion nearly covering the umbilicus.
Alt. 29^, diam. maj. 13, length of aperture 12^ mill. Hab.: Costa Rica (Underwood).
Compared with tropicalis Morelet, the only other known reversed Drymieus. The present species is thinner, has half a whorl more and is easily separated by its different ground color and the absence of bands. Spiraculum assamense n. sp.
Shell discoidal, flat above, very broadly umbilicated, dark brown with a few oblique stripes of a lighter color, encircled by four rows of hairs arranged in tufts, one being at the periphery, one above, and two below, the latter two are often worn off" in older specimens ; whorls 4^, slightly convex above, last rounded ; tube erect, short, in- clined towards the apex, situated 2 mm. from the margin of the aper- ture ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, bordered by a narrow flange; aperture oblique, circular; operculum shelly, whorls 5.
Diam. maj. 14 mm., min. 12 mm., alt. 5 mm.
llab.: Khasi Hills, Assam.
In most respects this species is very like nagaensis Axst. 4' Bed<l.< but can be easily separated by the position of the breathing tube,
88 THE NAUTILUS.
which in assamense is much nearer the aperture. The operculum of nagaense does not appear to have so many whorls as our species, a large part of the central portion being quite flat and smooth. These characters appear to be constant in the numerous specimens I have examined of both forms.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND AUDISON GULICK.
Diplommatina uzenensls Pilsbry, n. sp.
Shell dextral, cylindric-oblong, pale brown or nearly white, finely, delicately and evenly costulate. Whorls 6, very convex, the upper 3 forming a short cone, the last whorl contracted, a little distorted, ascending in front. Aperture subcircular, nearly vertical, the peri- stome continuous, flatly reflexed, duplicate, having a thin lamina or second peristome close behind the lip in quite mature specimens. Columella concave, ending in a tooth, as usual. Palatal fold less deeply immersed than usual, lying to the left of rather than above the aperture.
Alt. 2.6, diam. 1.4, alt. and diam. of aperture 1 mm.
Nishigo, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types no. coll. A. N. S., from no. 510 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is the most northern yet known, I believe. It is de- cidedly larger than D. pusilla Martens, somewhat smaller than D. nipponensis MolldflT., which is its nearest ally. The sculpture is about the same as in nipponensis, but the cone of the spire is not nearly so long, the later three whorls being large, while in nipponensis the last two are wide, the four or five earlier strongly tapering. The palatal fold is further to the left in D. uzenensis than in D. nipponensis, and the aperture is comparatively larger. Eulota callizona var. maritima Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var.
This name is proposed for the race inhabiting Awaji Island and other districts mentioned below, specimens from Fukura, Awaji, being the types. These differ from E. peliompltala and its varieties brandtii, herklotsi and nimbosa in the more conoidal form of the spire ; from E. callizona and its varieties chiefly in pattern of coloration. These are as follows :
(a) Purple-brown, with light burT streaks.
NAUTILUS. 89
(6) Corneous and buff with red-brown streaks, a narrow band above the periphery or none, often a dark umbilical patch.
(c) Banded (bands 02345, 00345 or 00305) with deep brown on a pale ground, and generally streaked with opaque buff, or without such streaks.
(d) Corneous, with some opaque, buff streaks above, no bands. Pattern (a) resembles that of E. peliomphala nimbosa ; (6) that of
E. callizona congenita; (c) that of E. peliomphala or peliomphala brandtii ; and pattern (c?) that of E. callizona hickonis.
Alt. 20-22, diam. 30 mm.
Alt. 19, diam. 25.
We regard the var. maritiwa us very near the original stock which gave rise to E. callizona and its varieties,, and as a connecting link between these and E. peliomphala.
It inhabits Awaji Island, the adjacent shores of the Kii channel on the east, all of Shikoku Island, some parts of the east coast of Kiusiu, and the west end of Hondo, and intergrades on the shore of the Inland Sea with congenita, hickonis and amalice. Eulota luhuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick.
Shell large and solid, with the color-patterns of E. qucesita or perryi, dull, roughly sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles, and differing from luhuana in the more capacious, less depressed form, and the umbilicus, which is decidedly wider and much more open inside than in luhuana. Alt. 30, diam. 43 mm.
Types from Takeya, Idzumo. It has affinities witli senckenbergiana and the following variety. Eulota luhuana var. aomoriensis Gulick & Pilsbry, n. var.
Shell smooth and glossy, pale buff with deep chestnut bands 00305 (or sometimes 00000, or with wide pale, diffuse bands in place of 2 and 4, as in E. peliomphala herkJotsi or E. qiuesita perryi), the spire moderately conoidal, whorls 5, the last capacious; umbilicus deep and more open within than in Inhuana, or senckenbergiana. Aperture oblique, the peristome white or reddish, nearly in a plane, but a little advanced sometimes at the termination of band 3.
Alt. 25, diam. 40 mm. (Chojamnra.)
Alt. 20, diam. 32 mm. (Asanai.)
Chojamura and Gonohe, ]\iutsu ; Asanai, Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A more globose and smoother form than E. hifniana, and more northern in distribution, inhabiting the northern extremity of Hondo, in Aomori Ken or prefecture.
90 TIIK NAUTILUS.
It may be noticed in this connection that towards the north, I . qucRsita becomes smoother and more glossy than toward the southern limit of its range in middle Hondo.
Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis IMIsbry, n. v.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, thin, somewhat translucent, pale brown throughout, glossy, striatulate, but without spiral lines. Spire low-conic ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded at the periphery, hardly descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded, about one- fourth of its circumference excised at the parietal margin ; peristome narrowly but distinctly expanded, thin, pale. Alt. 5^, diam. 8^ mm.
Kyoto (Mr. "Y. Hirase).
This form resembles T. goodwini var.fusca, but the umbilicus is smaller, there is a half whorl less, and no spiral strire, which in fusca are visible on the base. It is decidedly less conical than Trishoplita conospira Pfr. as defined by von Martens, and has a whorl less.
EULOTA MERCATORIA AND E. CAL1GINOSA.
These species were treated as distinct in the Manual of Conchology, Vol. VI, but in dealing with them in the Catalogue of Marine Mol- hisks of Japan issued by Mr. F. Stearns and myself, I seem to have lost sight of the real differences between them, the intergradation I saw being a matter of color and size rather than of the details of form.
The receipt of a large series of specimens gives opportunity to cor- rect the error I committed of lumping these really distinct species.
Eulota (Euhadra) mercatoria (' Ciruy ' Pfr.).
This species varies in size from 26 to 38 mm. diam., and in color from a pale yellowish-brown to red-chestnut and blackish-chestnut, always with a narrow dark peripheral band bordered with yellowish on each side. In some light forms there is a dark umbilical patch. The pattern therefore varies from that of the E. succincta group to the perryi or herklotsi pattern. The periphery is more or less angular ; the base is evenly rounded, and the lower lip in conse- quence is regularly curved.
Pfeiflfer's figure of his type is excellent (Conchyl. Cab. Helix, pi. 132, figs. 1, 2, copied in Man. Conch. VI, pi. 31, f. 26, 27). I havfi figured a smaller specimen in Catal. Mar. Moll. Japan, pi. 10, fig. 5 (by error said to be 17^ mm. diam. in the text, p. 162). E. merca- toria occurs on Okinawa.
THE NAUTILUS. 91
E. mercatcria atrata n. var.
Much larger than mercatoria, very dark colored, and strongly ribbed or costulate ; periphery subangular in front. Whorls 6^ to 6|, the last shortly deflexed in front ; lip purple-brown, evenly arcuate, not sinuous. Alt. 35, diain. 50 mm.; alt. 32, diani. 46 mm.
Received from Mr. Hirase as from the Loo Choo Is.; from Mr. Stearns as from Okinawa. It is represented in the Cat. Mar. Moll. Jap., pi. 10, f. 4.
Eulota (Euhadra) caliginosa (Ad. & Rve.).
This species differs from E. mercatoria in the narrower, more slowly increasing whorls, the last one more swollen below the suture ; the flattened base, producing a straighter basal lip ; in the different shape of the aperture, and especially in the narrower lip, which is sinuous below, being curved forward at the middle of the basal margin. It is not so solid a shell as E. mercatoria, is rounded at the periphery, and has much the coloring of the lighter specimens of mercatoria, though the ground is generally yellower. The pale border above the peripheral band is often not well developed, and sometimes it is yellow throughout except the peripheral band.
In the Catal. Mar. Moll. Jap., this species is excellently repre- sented in figures 1, 2, 3 and 6 of plate 10.
It was supposed by Adams and Reeve to be from Mindanao, but there can be no doubt that it is a species of the Loo Choo (Okinawa) fauna.
ON A GENUS (PHYLLAPLYSIA) NEW TO THE PACIFIC COAST.
BY \VM. H. DALL.
The Rev. Dr. Geo. W. Taylor, of Wellington, British Columbia, has recently forwarded to me some marine slugs which were found on floating sea-grass near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. An exam- ination shows that these animals represent a genus, Phyllaplysia, not hitherto known except in Southwestern Europe, and an unde- scribed species.
The animal in most respects differs very little from P. lafonti Fischer, the type of the genus. It is subtranslucent, smooth, of a uniform pale lemon-yellow color, very much flattened, resembling some of the Planarian worms. The specimens sent by Dr. Taylor are presumably somewhat contracted by alcohol, which may account
92 THE NAUTILUS.
for the form of the rhinophores and tentacles, which are short, con- ical, and strongly transversely wrinkled, but without tuberculation or color pattern, being of the same pale yellow as the rest of the body. The "rainure" extending from the right tentacle to the branchial opening is a plain line barely perceptible; the branchial pit with two minute lobes is short and in about the same relative position as in P. lafonti. The body is much depressed and the margins thin, sharp and even. The eyes appear as conspicuous small black spots in front, of the bases of (he posterior tentacles. The general form is elongate oval, the ends of the rhinophores, unlike the tentacles, are blunt, and these organs are sulcate interiorly as usual. The length of the larg- est specimen, as contracted in alcohol, is about 20 mm., and the breadth about 9 mm. I propose for it the name of Phyllaplysia taylori in honor of its discoverer.
Of the three other species known, P. lafonti is pale green, with darker bands and numerous violet spots ; P. depressa is green-buff, variegated with black ; and P. limacina is of a dusky green. All of these are from western and southern Europe.
A NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROBRANCHUS FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY AVM. H. DALL.
Some time since Mrs. Oldroyd sent me two specimens of Pkuro- branchus, from San Pedro, which I could not spare time to examine microscopically at the moment. I can now specify their chief diagnostic characters as follows :
Pleurobranclms californicus, n. sp.
Animal when fresh of a waxen white, with a surface apparently
smooth, or rather like the skin of an orange, not tuberculate, but, under a glass, showing obsolete distant pustules hardly raised above the general surface; body elongate-oval, the foot longer than the mantle behind. The gill short, its stem finely granular, not tuber- culate, with ten or eleven alternate short vanes, the whole adnate nearly to the tip, medially situated, with the contiguous genital orifices just in front of its anterior insertion and the anus just over the posterior insertion between the gill and the mantle. Eyes, rhinophores, muzzle, jaws and teeth, as described by Pilsbry, for the Gulf of California species collected by Fischer (Man. Conch., xvi, pp. 201-2). Shell rather long and narrow, subrectangular, longi-
THE NAUTILUS. 93
tudinally obsoletely striate on the left side, obscurely obsoletely punctate near the anterior edge, and covered with a very thin peri- ostracum which reflects nacreous tinges of color. The shell itself is white and thin, with a small spiral nucleus ; the left margin some- what recurved, the central part moderately convex ; the whole ex- tends more than half the length of the body and measures 12 by (5.5 mm.
This species differs from P. digueti Rochebrune in color, in the proportional size and number of pinnules of the gill, in having a larger and differently shaped shell, and in the position of the anal orifice. These remarks apply to the form described by Pilsbry anatomically; Rochebrune states that his species was scarlet above and whitish below, but gives no anatomical data.
GENERAL NOTES.
Dr. Jousseaume publishes a monograph of the Clausilioid group Nenia in the current number of the Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (1900). Among other novelties introduced in the same paper is a supposed new genus Bonnaniits, which seems to be the same as Passamaella, a curious Buliminoid group of Socotra.
MOLLUSKS IN GRASS Mr. Virginius H. Chase recently sent me
from Valley township, Stark Co., Illinois, a piece of sod thickly cov- ered with growing grass, and which was fairly alive with living pul- moriates. The piece of sod was eight by four inches in size, and from it I picked the following specimens and species :
1. Polygyra monodon Rackett. '
2. Pyramidula strlateUa Anthony. 136. Bifidaria armifera Say.
5. Bifidaria contracta Say.
1. Bifidaria pentodon Say.
The locality from which the sample came was a moist prairie. If this number was collected in u piece of ground less than a foot square, what must the whole prairie have contained ! — FRANK C. BAKER.
In the early seventies Prof. Verrill dredged a minute bivalve off New Haven and gave the name Gastranella tumida Verrill to it. Since then it has been unknown until some of my minute materials
94
THE NAUTILUS.
revealed one specimen from Summerside, P. E. I., and two speci- mens from Woods Roll, Mass. This indicates a wide distribution. — HENRY W. WINKLEY.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST The following
extract is from a letter to Mr. 8. Raymond Roberts, from a former Ohio collector. Wounta ffaulover, Nicaragua, Sept. 27, 1900. This coast, for twenty miles back from the sea, is a net-work of lagoons, rivers, creeks, channels. The " dry " land is mostly swampy, inun- dated, or partly so, during the wet season. In fact, this Mosquito Coast, which upon the map is so firm and solid-looking, is in reality a Dismal Swamp, multiplied by about five. Hence, so far as I am able to judge, it is not a good locality for Bulimulidce and other land shells. Back from the sea, say twenty miles, and also south and west of Bluefields, where the land is more elevated, I believe there is better collecting. Right down here on the very coast I have found but four species, owe of which I afterwards lost. Buliniulus corneus Sowb. I found plentiful at Bluefields. Also another lot, which I take for Stenogyra octona Linne, I found in abundance. Another shell, presumably a Pupa, was collected sparingly. These last two also in Bluefields. Here, Wounto Haulover, is a good locality for Littorina columellaris D'Orb., and Principulka, just twenty miles south of here, is an ideal place for superfine Donax cayennensis Lam. — WILLIAM H. FLUCK.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A DESCRIPTIVE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF INDIANA, by R. E. Call, Ph. D. (24th Annual Rep. of the State Geologist for 1899, Indianapolis, 1900). " This catalogue is intended to be complete and to fully exhibit the present state of knowledge concerning the group of which it treats, as presented in the fauna of Indiana." It is accompanied by a bibliography, and illustrations of the species. The latter are reproduced from the Smithsonian series " Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. A.," except the Unionida?, most of which were drawn by the author. The figures only rarely repre- sent Indiana specimens, and are rather rough.
Fifty species of land shells are enumerated, 55 aquatic gastropods, and 110 bivalves. The table of distribution shows- the Ohio and
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Wabash basins to be by far the richest in species, the Lake Michigan basin poorest, though with a good representation of Isimnceidce.
The catalogue is interesting and useful, though it would be better, we think, if Dr. Call had followed modern classification, and had adopted the rectifications regarding many species which have been made in the last decade. He apparently thinks that progress in the anatomical and systematic study of Mollusks abruptly stopped fifteen or twenty years ago, as no innovations of later date are adopted, ex- cept a few, mostly wrong, made by himself. Aside from these matters^ there are but few errors, and these not of grave consequence ; a fig- ure of Sir ob Hops is given for Zonites fulvus (p. 37G); Tebennophorus dorsalis is said to be " the most common slug in Indiana," though we think what he had was dark Agriolimax campestris. We note also that the descriptions of Lamarck's Unios are quoted not from the original but from the Deshayes edition, and the accents of the French remarks are badly l' balled up." — H. A. P.
or INDIANA. — In Mr. Call's Descriptive Catalogue of the lUolhtsca of Indiana, the author repudiates the attempt at a natural classification of the Unionidas made in Mr. Baker's Mollusca of the Chicago Area, and cannot realize that such a system is pro- posed seriously. He cannot understand why, for instance, such a form as Unio triyonus is placed in the same subgenus as Unio plicatus- Now it is a fact that has been repeatedly demonstrated by Dr. Lea's, Dr. Sterki's and my own observations of the anatomy of these mollusks that Unio trigonus and the allied forms, the different species of the Plicatus group, Unio pustidosus and its allies, Unio coccineusr U. subrotundus, U. kleiniaims, and the forms belonging to the Chiclia- sawhensis group which have been placed in the genus Quadrula, all have the embryos contained in all four of the gills, and when they are thus filled they form thick, smooth pods. And there are certain conchological characters which hold good in all these species. Their shells are all solid, short, more or less inflated ; they generally have a wide, flat hinge plate and almost invariably deep beak cavities. Many specimens occur among species belonging to the Plicatus group in which the plications are nearly or even wholly wanting, and the epidermis varies from greenish to brown and black. Such specimens are not far removed corichologically from the smoother forms of the Pustidosus group or from U. snbrotundus and U. kirthmdianus.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
The true Unios, which in the United States are well represented by such forms as U. complanatus, U. buckleyi, U. crassidens and U. gibbosus, liave longer shells than the Quadrules, they are generally less solid, and as far as I have seen, the beak cavities are compara- tively shallow, while the hinge plate is never wide and flat as in Unio pustulosus. In these the embryos are found in the outer gills only.
Mr. Call uses the time honored names Unio, Margaritana and Anodonta for the Indiana Unionidaj. These names are applied in a subgeneric sense, but he neglects to tell us what genus he places them under, whether it is Unio of Retzius or the Margaron of Lea. In his artificial key to the groups of Unto, excluding Anodonta and Margaritana, he places the species in groups, typified by U. hiteohis, U. ligamentinus, U. crassidens, U. tubercrdatus, U. personatus, etc. These groups have been recognized as natural assemblages by Lea, Lewis,